Gemini 4 Experiment Debriefing 1967

NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATlo-1 ROUTING SLIP Action MAIL CODE NAME Approval Call Me Concurrence file Information Investigate and Advise ____.l ,Nmote and Forward Note and R_e_hl_rn___ _ ,P •;;, -;R;:e::q::-u•=s�I::::.::_ ___ _ __jL Per Teleph one Conversation _ I R..e,.c,ommendation _ __J__: _ See·Me Signature Circulate and DesIroy (fL J 1 'I, h'.C.9-- � TEL. NO · (or ,ode) & EXT. NASA FORM 26 APR 69 PREVIOUS EDITIONS MAY BE USED Mission Operation Report No. M-913-65-04 MEMORANDUM June 1, 1965 To A/Administrator From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) Additional Flight Activities Subsequent to the preparation of the GT-4 Mission Operation Report several new procedures and items of equipment have progressed to a stage of flight readiness. Consequently, three significant additional flight activities are now possible and have been included in the mission. These activities are: extra vehicular activities (EVA); extra vehicular propulsion; and demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. Additional details of these flight plan activities are provided in the attached supplement to the basic report. Enclosure: MOR No. 913-65-04 Change 1 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY M-913-65-04 ADDITIONAL GT-4 FLIGHT PLAN ACTIVITIES Three additional special engineering and operational objectives are now planned for the first four orbits of the GT-4 Mission: 1. Demonstration of extravehicular activities (EVA) using a 25 foot umbilical. Potential future application includes crew transfer, in­ flight repair, and inspection of orbiting objects. 2. Demonstration of extravehicular maneuvering using a simple, one­ man propulsion unit. This device could be used with or without a spacecraft tether on future missions. 3. Demonstration of rendezvous with the booster second stage. This activity wilI provide valuable early information and maneuvering procedures necessary to rendezvous with a target vehicle. Flashing lights identical to those designed for the Gemini/Agena Vehicle have been instaIled on the booster second stage for this test. The Flight Plan sequence involves post-launch separation from the launch vehicle, then maneuvering to stop the spacecraft separation velocity. The first two orbits wilI be flown with the spacecraft at distances less than one quarter of a mile from the launch vehicle. Nighttime separation will be sufficient to prevent the flashing lights from disturbing the pilot's visual dark adaptation. The first orbit will be occupied with operational checks of the spacecraft guidance, maneuvering, and environmental control systems. The pilots will utilize the second orbit to prepare for the extravehicular activity. This procedure involves unstowing and assembling a 25-foot umbilical, the emergency oxygen pack, a maneuvering unit, and the cameras. Over Hawaii, at daybreak, near the end of the second orbit, the cabin will be depressurized and Jim McDivitt will maneuver to within close proximity of the booster. At this point, the right hatch will be opened and Ed White will climb out and hold on the right forward portion of the spacecraft untiI McDivitt gives him a release command. Upon command, White wiII push off slowly and reorient himself with the hand-held maneuvering unit to face the booster. A 35-mm still camera (Zeiss-Contarex) mounted on the maneuvering unit will be used to photo­ graph the booster and spacecraft with various earth/sky backgrounds. After testing his ability to maneuver in a zero gravity environment, White will maneuver back toward the spacecraft and ingress. The total time separated from the spacecraft will be approximately 10 minutes. He will be inside with the cabin repressurized by the time the spacecraft posses over Ascension Island on the start of the third orbit. Shortly ofter passing Ascension, McDivitt wilI maneuver ahead of the booster with 5 feet per second separation velocity. Because this maneuver places the spacecraft in a higher altitude and longer period orbit than the booster, it will rise above and fall behind the booster. One orbit later, the spacecraft 6/1/65 Page 1 M-913-65-04 will trail 16 miles behind the booster. At this point, a spacecraft retardation maneuver of 13 feet per second will initiate the visual rendezvous sequence. The spacecraft will approach the booster from behind and below. Because of unknown variation in the atmospheric density and drag of the slowly tumbling booster, the exact approach trajectory cannot be predicted. The flight crew will measure elevation angles of the booster and wil I initiate rendezvous maneuvers when the booster is approximately 45 degrees elevation angle a bove the spacecraft. By observing the movement of the booster with respect to the star background and with respect to the spacecraft inertia l platform display , the crew can determine the proper lateral maneuver to null the lateral component of velocity thereby resulting in a spacecraft velocity vector which is directly toward the booster. After removing the lateral velocity difference, the pilot will apply a series of breaking maneuvers with the forward firing thrusters to reduce the closing velocity. The flight crew will measure with onboard instruments the total maneuvering velocity required for the rendezvous procedure. The spacecraft should be back in close proximity of the launch vehicle over the Northeast coast of South America at the beginning of the fifth orbit. After the rendezvous operation is complete, the spacecraft will again separate from the booster - this time using a maneuver which will place the Gemini spacecraft on an orbit with a predicted lifetime of four days. The EVA suit is the new G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used so successfully by the GT-3 flight crew. The G4C suit has the following new features: a. Helmet - incorporation of triple lens shield (visors) for visual, thermal, impact, and micrometeorite protection. b. Torso 1. 2. 3. 4. Change to Nomex (HT-1) 11 Linknet 11 in restraint layer for increased structure I strength. Incorporation of strain relief zipper in sealing closure. Incorporation of redesigned ventilation inlet and outlet fittings with automatic locking and redundant sealing features. Replace Nomex (HT-1) coverlayer with integrated thermal and mi crometeori ty cover layer. c. Gloves - Incorporate new design with increased mobility, abrasion resistance and thermal protection. d. Bio-connector - Self-alighment, pin protective design. 6/1/65 Page 2 M-913-65-04 Figure 1 depicts the principal physical differences between the old G3C suit and the new EVA G4C suit. Figure 2 shows that with one visor down on the new G4C helmet, there is practi ca I ly no attenutation of Ii ght entering, whereas Figure 3 shows that with two of the visors down there is a noticeable difference in the amount of light that enters the astronaut's eyes. With the third visor down, there would be a similar decrease in the amount of I ight al lowed to enter the helmet. The multivarious layers of materials used in the EVA G4C suits are delineated in Figure 4. It should be noted that the old G3C suit consisted only of the pressure and restraint layers of Figure 4 with the HT -1 nylon outer protective layer. FIG. G-4C OVER VISOR SPACE HELMET The EVA spacesuit has received the following qualifi­ cation tests: 6/1/65 Page 3 • M-913-65-04 G-4C OVERVISOR SPACE HELMET FIG. 3 G-4C EXTRAVEHICULAR SUIT HH NYLON OUITR ~6~~ T~~~~~} ~~~;:) USE: WEAR AND THERMAL AND MICROMETEOROID LAYERS PRESSURE AND RESTRAINT LAYERS SOLAR REFLECTANCE COTTON CONSTANT "[AR ~Ng~~;:r~~m OXFORD NYLOt-i COf.JORT LAY.R 11 oz,vo 2 swu PRCSSURE LAYER _ _ _ _ NEOPRE~E COATEO NYLON 11-1·2ozvo21 r----7 LAYERS ALUMIN IZEO MYLAR SEPARATED BY RESTRAINT lAVlR UM( NH DACRON Al.;Q HflO~ u-J 4 oz vo 21 7 LAYCAS UNWOVEN DACRON SPACERS HH NYLON INNER MICROr,,'tn OROID STOPPER LAYERS !EACH 6. 8 OZ/YD 2 WH IT[ I US E: WEAR ANO MICR0~,1£TEO ROI D PRO TE CT ION FIG. 4 6/1/65 Page 4 M-913-65-04 a. b. c. d. e. f. g. h. Leakage Proof pressure 02 compatibility Ejection envelope Cold temperature Rapid decompression Life cycling Visor testing Should the 25-foot long tether fail in some manner, the pilot will be carrying a chestpack that has been compatibility qualified with the G4C suit and con­ sists principally of an emergency oxygen bottle with automatic valving. It should be emphasized that both the primary and backup flight crews have undergone 40 minutes cabin depressurization with the hatches open at a simulated altitude of 150,000 feet in the chambers at McDonnell, St. Louis during which time they practiced opening and closing the hatches, taking pictures, and other actions that will take place during EVA. The extravehicular maneuvering will be accomplished using a zero g Integral Propulsion (ZIP) Unit as shown in Figure 5. This device is handheld and accomplishes propulsion by jetting oxygen out through a single forward firing nozzle and two aft firing nozzles as selected and aimed by the operator. It includes a camera mounted for convenient extravehicular photography. FIG. 5 6/1/65 Page 5 Mission Operation Report No. M-913-65-04 MEMORANDUM May 24, 1965 To A/Administrator From M/Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight Subject: Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) GT-4, the fourth in a series of twelve planned Gemini flights is scheduled to be launched from Complex 19 at the John F. Kennedy Space Center on or after 3 June 1965. This wi 11 be the second manned Gemini mission and the longest ever attempted by a two-man crew. The purpose of the mission is to further demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days. The nominal launch time is 10 a.m. EDT (1400 GMT). The space vehicle is to be launched on an azimuth of 72 degrees and the spacecraft wi 11 be inserted into an initial orbit of 87-161 N.M. at an orbital inclination of 32.5 degrees. The 62 revolution mission will have a duration of approximately 97 hours and 50 minutes. The primary and backup flight crews are of the "new generation, 11 being members of the second group of astronauts. James A. McDivitt will be the command pilot and Edward H. White, II will be the pilot. Because the duration of the flight is one of the most significant aspects of their mission, the postflight activities will involve expanded medical evaluation as compared with previous missions, including at least 24 hours aboard the recovery aircraft carrier, the USS WASP. After conducting various orbital maneuvers and the thirteen experiments during the four-day mission, the spacecraft wi 11 reenter and touchdown approximately 400 miles southwest of Bermuda for a water landing and carrier retrieval. Enclosure MOR Noo M-913-65-04 FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY Report No. M-913-65-04 MISSION OPERATION REPORT GEMINI FLIGHT NUMBER FOUR (GT-4) OFFICE OF MANNED SPACE FLIGHT FOR INTERNAL USE ONLY FOREWORD MISSION OPERATION REPORTS are published expressly for the use of NASA General Management as required by the Administra­ tor in NASA Instruction 6-2-10 dated August 15, 1963 . The pur­ pose of these reports is to provide NASA General Management with timely, complete and definitive information on flight mission plans and results from launchings with Scout class or larger vehicles. Initial reports are to be prepared and issued for each flight project just prior to launch. Following launch, updating reports for each mission will be issued to keep General Management currently in­ formed as provided in NASA Instruction 6-2-10. Distribution of these reports has been specifically directed by Gen­ eral Management and they are not available for additiona l or general distribution . The Office of Pub Iic Affairs pub Iishes a comprehensive series of pre-launch and post-launch reports on NASA flight missions which are available for general distribution. Pub Iishec and Distributed by OFFICE OF PROGRAM REPORTS OFFICE OF PROGRAMMING NATIONAL AERONAUTICS AND SPACE ADMINISTRATION Washington, D. C. 20546 M-913-65-04 GENERAL Rtndczvous guidance & recovery system _ _ __ _, 11 Ft 8 Ft Separation point Oxidizer tank •Equipment bay 27 Ft Gemini Flight Number Four (GT-4) is the second manned orbital flight in the Gemini Program and the fourth flight in a series of twelve planned to develop long-duration and rendezvous capability, docking techniques, extra-vehicular activities, and controlled reentry. The first three Gemini flights demonstrated: orbital insertion capability; spacecraft structural integrity; and spacecraft systems performance and crew accommodation qualities, respectively. This GT-4 mission is intended to further demonstrate manned space flight for a period of four days, the longest ever flown by two astronauts. The space vehicle is depicted in Figure 1. Stage 11 engine thrust chamber MISSION OBJECTIVES 108 Ft 10 Ft Oxidizer tank Stage I engine g1mbal point •Equipment bay contains: • Batteries· • Malfunction detection system IMOSI units • Range safety command control system • Programmer • Three-axis reference system !TARSI • Radio guidance system IRGSI • Autopilot • Instrumentation and telemetry system FIG. 5/24/65 PRIMARY • Demonstrate and evaluate the performance of the Gemini spacecraft systems for a period exceeding four days. • Evaluate the effects of prolonged exposure to the space environment on the two-man flight crew in preparation for missions of longer duration. SECONDARY • Demonstrate OAMS capability to perform retro fire backup. • Demonstrate the capability of the spacecraft and flight crew to make significant in-plane and out-of-plane maneuvers. Conduct further evaluation of spacecraft • systems as outlined below: 1 . Structure and thermo I protection 2. Environmental Control Systems (ECS) 3. Crew stations 4. Guidance and Control System 5. Orbital Attitude and Maneuver System (OAMS) Execute the fol Iowing experiments: • D-1, Basic Object Photography • D-6, Surface Photography • D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft • D-9, Simple Navigation • M-3, In-Flight Exercises • M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram • M-6, Bone Demineralization • MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge Page 1 • M-913-65-04 • • • • • MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography UNUSUAL TASKS OF THIS MISSION One of the interesting tasks of this mission is the duration of the flight. It will be the longest ever to be conducted by a two-man crew . Another highly interesting item is that control of the mission for the first time wil I be from the Mission Control Center (MCC) Houston. Some elements of the Mission Control Center at Cape Kennedy and the GSFC computing facility will be standing by as a backup during the launch phase. The computing facilities at GSFC will also be used as a backup to MCC-Houston during the orbital phase. Flight controllers will man the MCC in three shifts to give complete round-the-clock coverage of the four­ day mission. Crew control of reentry will be ac~omplished by tracking the roll needle rather than nulling the down-range and cross-range needles as on GT-3. The experiments will, of course, contribute much information for the scientific and medical communities. The G4C suit which replaces the G3C suit used on GT-3 has the fol lowing new featu res: a triple overvisor, a redundant pressure closure seal (zipper), and thermal and meteoroid protection integrated in the outer cover layer. Abort procedures to be utilized by the astronauts in the unlikely event it becomes necessary for them to terminate. a mission before orbital insertion are different from those used in the Mercury program . In that program, the fireball that would have been created had a conflagration occurred on the pad, would have been large enough to ABORT PROCEDURES engulf an ejecting astronaut, so MOOE I - EJECT AfTEll SHUTDOWN it was necessary to add an escape MOOE ll - SALVO RETROS AFTER SHUTDOWN rocket to Iift the entire spacecraft MODE ID - SHUTDOWN, SE PARATE, TURN AROUND, RETROFIRE free of the area. The GLV, on the other hand, uses self-igniting fuels which, upon mixing, create a fi reba II sma II enough so that the astronauts can eject from the spacecraft in much the same man­ ner as is done in today's high performance jet aircraft. This is called the Mode I abort pro­ OEIAYEO MOOE cedure. The three abort modes n (WA IT 5 SECS ) are more fully defined by the altitude and elapsed time-after­ 15,000FT. _ _ _ _ __.__ _ _~--'<-+--~launch parameters depicted on Figure 2. -□~ FIG . 2 5/24/65 Page 2 ' ~' MOOE I 50 SECONDS SEA LEVEL- - - - - - - - - - - ' ' - -- - L - - ' - - M-931-65-04 LAUNCH VEHICLE DESCRIPTION The Gemini Launch Vehicle (GLV) has been modified by man-roting an Air Force Titan II missile. The GLV has two stages, the first 71 feet long and the second 18 feet long; both stages have a diameter of 10 feet. The gross loaded weight of the two stages is 337,521 pounds and they both burn storable hypergolic (self-igniting upon mixture) propellants. First stage thrust is approximately 430,000 pounds at sea level. Second stage thrust is approximately 100,000 pounds. The various systems of the GLV have been detailed in previous Gemini MOR 1 s and what follows is additional information concerning modifications made to GLV-4. The fuel dampener and oxidizer standpipe used to suppress longitudinal oscillations have been redesigned. Butt welding vice lapped joints have been utilized on the fuel tank conduits to eliminate minute cracks. Malfunction Detection System circuitry has been redesigned to provide separate indications of the subassembly thrust level and additional insulation has been applied to provide increased fire protection. Sixteen T/M readout points have been removed from the GLV because they are no longer required and one range safety circuit has been added to the destruct system interlocking AGE and the GLV motor driven switch control. This circuit will prevent switch cycling in the event that both set and reset signals are inadvertently applied during checkout. TABLE I PROJECT COST (In Millions) FY 62 FY 63 FY 64 FY 65 FY 66 FY 67 Total Spacecraft 30.3 205. 1 280.5 165.3 122.7 19. 1 823.0 Launch Vehicle 24.4 79. 1 122.7 115.4 88.6 8.5 438.7 1 4.9 15. 7 27.7 30.8 13.0 92.2 54.8 289. 1 418.9 308.4 242. 1 40.6 1353.9 Operational Support Total RD & 0 0 This level of funding will provide for twelve Gemini Launch Vehicles, twelve space­ craft, seven Agena Target Vehicles, six Atlas booster missiles and the operational costs of flight testing and the associated Ground Support Equipment. SPACECRAFT The spacecraft is 18. 75 feet long and its two sections, a reentry module and an adapter section will weigh 7799 lbs. fully loaded with the astronauts onboard. The configuration will be the same as was flown on GT-3 except for the following: minor changes have been made to switch positions and nomenclature, three additional (total of six) adapter 5/24/65 Page 3 M-913-65-04 batteries will be required, radial thrusting TCA's and burst diaphragms in the 11 811 package that were removed for GT-3 are both installed on GT-4, and will act through the Spacecraft Centers of Gravity. An HF antenna has been added to the adapter section for orbital use and the HF transciever there has been removed. The C-band phase shifter now has its own inverter, the recovery flashing light can now be turned off during day I ight hours, the HF antenna on the cabin section has been redesigned, and the adapter $-band transponder in the adapter section has been replaced with a C-band transponder which will have a different pulse spacing from the one in the spacecraft. In the GT-4 mission S/C, urine wi 11 be dumped directly overboard from the urine bellows through a shut-off and selector valve, a solenoid valve and a heated line. Redundancy is provided by the capability to dump urine through the launch cooling heat exchanger (water boiler}. The main chute disconnect cartridge has been changed from a 22-second time delay to a zero second delay and new long-life attitude thrusters have been installed. EXPERIMENTS The 13 experiments are depicted and described on the following pages: 1. D-1, Basic Object Photography In conducting this experiment, the as­ D-1 BASIC OBJECT tronauts will employ elaborate photo­ PHOTOGRAPHY optical equipment to investigate the technical problems associated with observing, evaluating, and photo­ graphing objects in space. These objects include the 2nd stage of the launch vehicle and natural celestial bodies such as the moon. Data from this experiment will be used to evaluate the astronauts' ability to view and track objects, and to maintain object-camera orientation by maneuvering the spacecraft. Equipment which wi 11 be used is illustrated in Figure 3. FIG. 3 5/24/65 Page 4 M-913-65-04 2. D-6, Surface Photography This experiment wi 11 investigate the technical problems associated with an astronaut's ability to acquire, track, and photograph terrestrial objects from a space­ craft with more elaborate photo­ opti ca I equipment than that used previously. The astronaut will photograph selected series of objects during day-side and night-side intervals of the flight using specified Iens-fi Im combi­ nations. The resulting data wi 11 be used to eva Iuate the astronaut's ability to maintain object-camera orientation by maneuvering the spacecraft. Figure 4 shows the camera mount installed on the spacecraft window. 0-6 SURFACE PHOTOGRAPHY FIG. 4 3. D-8, Radiation in Spacecraft Data from this experiment will be used to supplement external radi­ ation measurements in studying the dose levels within the space­ craft resulting from passes through regions of varying radiation intensity. Two tissue-equivalent, current-mode ionization chambers wi 11 be used to measure the variation of absorbed dose-rate inside the spacecraft. Five small packets containing radia­ tion detection and measurement devices will be placed at various locations in the cabin to ascertain their suitability as convenient dosimeters of space radiation and measure total accumulated dose. Figure 5 shows some of the equipment to be used for this experiment. 5/24/65 D-8 RADIATION IN SPACECRAFT (PORTABLE UNIT) FIG. 5 Page 5 M-913-65-04 4. D-9, Simple Navigation This experiment is designed to develop and test navigation pro­ cedures which employ a simple stadimetric device and a sextant to make sightings and measurements in space using the horizon and stars as references. Data from sightings wi 11 be used in compu­ tations to determine orbital parameters. These results wi 11 be compared with actual parameters to determine the accuracy of the procedures. The hand held sextant to be used is shown in Figure 6. 0-9 SIMPLE NAVIGATION HAND HELD SPACE SEXTANT MG5-8097 FIG. 6 5. M-3, In-Flight Exerciser The purpose of this experiment is to assess the astronauts' capacity to perform physi ca I work under spacecraft conditions. Monitored exercise wil I be performed by the astronauts prior to the flight to establish control data. l·s otonic exercises employing a bungee cord and involving the arms and legs wi 11 be taken prior to and a.fter exercising. Pulse rate wil I be monitored continuously. The inflight data obtained wil I be compared with the control data to determine the· capacity for work in space. Figure 7 shows the manner in which this exercise wi 11 be performed. 5/24/65 M-3 IN-FLIGHT EXERCISER FIG. 7 Page 6 M-913-65-04 6. M-4, In-Flight Phonocardiogram The purpose of this experiment is to measure the fatigue-stage of an astronaut's heart muscle during a long-duration flight. A microphone wi ll be applied to an astronaut's chest wal I at the cardiac apex. Heart sounds detected during the flight will be recorded on an on­ board biomedical recorder. The sound trace wi 11 be compared to the waveform obtained from a simultaneous infl ight electro­ cardiogram to determine the time interval between electrical activation of the heart muscle and the onset of ventricular systrole. Figure 8 illustrates the method of installation of the phono­ cardiogram transducer. 7. M-6, Bone Demineralization The purpose of this experiment is to establish the occurrence and degree of bone demi nera Ii­ zati on resulting from prolonged weightlessness during spaceflight. Spec ia I X-rays wi 11 be ta ken of an astronaut's heel bone and the terminal bone of the fifth digit of the right hand. Three pre­ flight and three postflight exposures wi 11 be taken of these two bones and compared to determine if any bone deminerali­ zation has occurred due to the space flight. Figure 9 i 11 ustrates the laboratory procedure which will be used for this experiment. M-4 IN-FLIGHT PHONOCARDIOGRAM PROTOTYPE PHONOCARDIOGRAM TRANSDUCER AND SIGNAL CONDITIONER FIG . 8 GEMINI EXPERIMENT NO. M·& BONE DEMINERALIZATION PURPOSE ESTABLISH DEGREE OF BONE DETERIORATION EQUIPMENT STANDARD X-RAY WEIGHT N/ A VOLUME N/ A PROCEDURE PRE AND POST FLIGHT x-RAY LOCATION N/ A " i ' MG4-1886 FIG. 9 5/24/65 Page 7 M-913-65-04 8. MSC-1, Electrostatic Charge Before rendezvous missions are attempted, an investigation must be made of the possibility of inadvertent ignition of pyrotechnics and other detrimenta I effects due to discharge of electrostatic charge potentials during rendezvous. In this experiment, an electrostatic­ potential meter, which protrudes through the wa 11 of the spacecraft adapter assembly, wi 11 be used to detect and measure any accumulated electrostatic charge that may be created on the surface of the spacecraft by ionization from engine exhaust. This do ta wi 11 be a no Iyzed to determine if the charge is adequate to create a rendezvous hazard. Fig­ ure 10 shows the detector instal lotion. MSC-2, Proton Electron Spectrometer This experiment is designed to measure the quantity and energy of protons and electrons present immediately exterior to the orbiting spacecraft. This wil I be accomplished by means of a scintillating-crystal, charged­ particle analyzer mounted on the adapter assembly of the spacecraft. Data from this experiment wil I be used to correlate radiation measurements made inside the space­ craft and to predict radiation levels on future space missions. The proton electron spectrometer instal lotion is shown in Figure 11 . MSC-1 ELECTROSTATIC CHARGE FIG. 10 9. 5/24/65 MSC-2 PROTON ELECTRON SPECTROMETER FIG. 11 Page 8 M-913-65-04 10. MSC-3, Tri-Axis Magnetometer In this experiment, the direction and magnitude of the earth's magnetic field with respect to the spacecraft will be measured. A tri-axis fluxgate magnetometer, mounted in the adapter assembly of the spacecraft wi 11 be used. The equipment instal lo­ tion is shown in Figure 12. MSC-3 TRI-AXIS MAGNETOMETER FIG. 12 - 11. MSC-10, Two-Color Earth's Limb Photos The astronaut wil I obtain photo­ graphs of the earth's limb using a hand-held camera, black and white film, and a special filter mosaic which will allow each picture to be taken partly through a red filter and partly through a blue filter. After the flight, the negative will be subjected to careful measure­ ments, and the resulting data will be used in statistical analyses to evaluate the limb radiance. These studies will be used to determine if the sun-lit earth's limit can be reliably observed in the short­ visible or near-ultraviolet spectral region. The camera to be used for this experiment is shown in Figure 13. 5/24/65 MSC-10 TWO-COLOR EARTH'S LIMB PHOTOS MG5·8105 FIG. 13 Page 9 M-913-65-04 12. S-5, Synoptic Terrain Photography The objective of this experi­ ment is to obtain high quality photographs of selected parts of the earth's surface. The spa1.,c:craft will be manually oriented from an orbit mode attitude to a moderately high camera depression angle attitude. After a series of photographs has been taken, the spacecraft will be reoriented to the orbit mode attitude. Four spacecraft orientation maneuvers will be required during which approxi­ mately 40 pictures will be taken over areas of the United States. Figure 14 shows one of the photos taken by Gordon Cooper which is similar to the terrain photographs planned . 13. S-6, Synoptic Weather Photography The objective of this experi­ ment is to learn more about the earth's weather systems by obtaining high quality photo­ graphs of selected cloud for­ mations. As in experiment S-5, the spacecraft will be oriented from an orbit mode attitude to a moderately high camera depression angle attitude. After a series of photographs has been taken, the spacecraft wi 11 be reoriented to the orbit mode attitude. Approximately 10 orientation maneuvers will be required during which approximately 40 pictures will be taken. The photograph shown in Figure 15 taken by Gordon Cooper is similar to those planned on this flight. 5/24/65 GEMINI DPEltllfNT NO. S.5 SYNOPTIC TERRAIN PHOTOGRAPHY PURPOSE OITAIN HIGH QUALITY PHOTOGIAPHS Of THI EARTH'SSUlfACf EQUIPMENT 70MM CAMERA AND fllM WEIGHT I LI. VOlUMI 0.036 CU. n. PROCEDURE POSITION sm1mn, TAIi PICTURES LOCATION ,.,. PRISSURIZID CAIIN .:t PMOTOGUIH Of THI HIIAlAUS IN THI NIDIA, IIIPAl, 11111 IOROII AHA, THIN IT ASTRONAUT l. GOIDON C00,11, JI., DUIING HIS 22-01111 IA-f IIISSION. MC4· 1768 FIG. 14 GOIN OPIIIIINT NO. S-6 SYNOPTIC WEATHER PHOTOGRAPHY PURPOSE OITAIN HIGH QUALITY aoue PHOTOGIAPHS EQUIPMENT 10 11 CAMDA Me ,u WEIGHT I LI. YOlUMl 0.036 cu. n. PROCEDURE POSITION SPACKWT Me TAIi PNOTOGIAPIIS lOCATION PIISSUIIZED WIN PIIOIOGUPH Of ClOUDS AND lffl IUIIIA 11S1 COAi!. WIST Of UNOOII. TWI 1Y ASIIOIIAUI l. IOIDOII COOPII, ll, DU- HIS 22-11 IA•t IIISSIOII. MC4· I767 FIG. 15 Page 10 M-913-65-04 ASTRONAUTS The Command Pilot for the GT-4 mission will be James A. McDivitt and the Pilot will be Edward H. White, II. The backup flight crew will consist of Frank Borman as Command Pilot and James A. Lovell, Jr., as Pilot. Their pictures and biographies follow: FIG. 16 FIG. 17 JAMES A. MCDIVITT Born in Chicago, Illinois on June 10, 1929. He graduated first in his class from the University of Michigan with a B. S. in aeronautical engineering. McDivitt is ma rried to the former Patricia A. Hass of Cleveland, Ohio and has three children. McDivitt joined the Air Force in 1951 and is an Air Force Major. He was awarded three Distinguished Flying Crosses, five Air Medals and the Choo Moo Medal from South Korea. He is a graduate of the United States Air Force Expe rimental Test Pilot School and the United States Air Force Aerospace Research pilot course. He served at Edwards Air Force Base, California, as an experimental test pilot. McDivi tt has logged more than 3,000 hours flying time, including 2,500 hours in jet aircraft. McDivitt was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overal I astronaut training program he has had additional specialized duties. These duties include monitoring the design and development of the guidance and navigation systems for the Gemini and Apollo spacecraft, as wel I as monitoring the overall Apollo Command and Service Modules. EDWARD H. WHITE II Born in San Antonio, Texas, on November 14, 1930. White received his B.S. from the United States Military Academy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from 5/24/65 Page 11 M-913-65-04 I ' the University of Michigan. He is married to the former Patricia E. Finegan of Washington, D.C. and has two children. White, an Air Force Major, received flight training in Florida and Texas, following his graduation from West Point. He attended the Air Force Test Pilot School at Edwards Air Force Base, California, in 1959. White was later assigned to Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, as an experimental test pilot with the Aeronautical Systems Division. In this assignment he made flight tests for research and weapons systems development, wrote technical engineering reports, and made recommen­ dations for improvement in aircraft design and construction. He has logged more than 3,600 hours flying time, including more than 2,200 hours in jet aircraft. White was named as a member of the astronaut team selected by NASA in September 1962. FRANK BORMAN Born in Gary, Indiana on March 14, 1928. He re­ ceived his B.S. from the United States Military Academy and his M.S. in aeronautical engineering from the California Institute of Technology. He is married to the former Susan Bugbee of Tucson, Arizona and has two sons. Upon graduation from West Point, Borman, now an Air Force Major, chose an Air Force career and received his pilot training at Williams Air Force Base, California From 1951 to 1956 he served with fighter squadrons in the United States and in the Philippines and was an instructor of thermodynamics and fluid mechanics at the U.S. Military Academy, West Point. He was graduated from the USAF Aerospace Research Pilots School in 1960 and later served there as an instructor. In this capacity he prepared and delivered academic lectures and simulator briefings, and flight test brief­ ings on the theory and practice of spacecraft testing. Borman has logged more than 4,400 hours flying time, including more than 3,600 hours in jet aircraft. Borman was one of the nine astronauts named by NASA in September l 962. FIG. 18 JAMES A. LOVELL, JR. Born in Cleveland, Ohio, on March 25, 1928. He received his B. S. from the United States Naval Academy. Lovell is married to the former Merilyn Gerlach of Milwaukee, Wisconsin and has three children. Love II, a Navy Lieutenant Commander, received flight training following his graduation from Annapolis. He served in a number of Naval FIG. 19 5/24/65 Page 12 M-913-65-04 aviator assignments including a three year tour as a test pilot at the Naval Air Test Center at Patuxent River, Maryland. His duties there included service as program manager for the F4H Weapon System Evaluation. Lovell was graduated from the Aviation Safety School of the University of Southern California. He served as flight instructor and safety officer with Fighter Squadron 101 at the Naval Air Station at Oceana, Virginia. Lovell has logged 3,000 hours flying time, including more than 2,000 hours in jet aircraft. Love II was selected as an astronaut by NASA in September 1962. In addition to participating in the overal I astronaut training program, he has been assigned special duties. These duties included monitoring design and development of recovery and crew life support systems. These include space suits, environmental control system and developing techniques for lunar and earth landings and recovery. TRAJECTORY The launch trajectory for the GT-4 mission wi 11 be similar to that flown by GT-3. lnserti on wi 11 be at the same altitude, 87 miles, but the first apogee of GT-4 will be 161 miles. The Gemini launch sequence is shown in Figure 20. FLIGHT PLAN In addition to the various orbi ta I maneuvers to be pe rformed during the mis­ sion, as ca Iled out in Table II, other activities will be taking place as is shown below in Table 111, a summarization of the Flight Plan. The consumable items loaded onboard the spacecraft are shown in Table IV. 811Ul . A200.m L T MODE 111: SHUTDOWN j •SEPARATE SIC 5:10 CHANGE -·-·- •RETRO &REBffllY ABORT MOOl SEflllNCE 2:48 START RADIO GUIDANCE 2:34 BECO 5.5G·s I T U 75,000' 11:SHUTDOWN SALVO RETROS ~.ET11SON RETRO 1·- 1:40 CHANG ABORT MOOE ~ 42.000' j. •=SEOllll:E 1:19 MAX Q 2500' IIElAYEO AQIE U:SfUTOOWN •WAIT 5SECONDS •SALVO RETim •JETTISON RmO SECTIII 0:50 CHANGE ABORT····-···-· •• •I.AIIN SBIIIIG MODE Q:23 START PITCH 2000· Q:20 STOP ROLL 012• 25.000' 15.000' ~l l:EJECT Q:10 START ROLL oas· - :OO LIFT OFF- - ...-- _ _ _ _ _ _ _... 0 50 • RANG -NAUTICAL MIES FIG. 20 • 5/24/65 Page 13 MANEUVER ~v HP/HA AFTER MANEUVERS POINT OF APPLICATION TRANSLADIRECTION TIONAL OF THRUST THRUSTER PURPOSE Sepa ra tion l0FPS 87/161 N.M. SECO+2- FWD AFT S/ C-Booster Separation 1 ?FPS 91/161 N.M. 2d Apogee FWD FWD Adjust lifetime {for insertion dispersions. Evaluate thruster operation. 2A 12FPS Apogee of 30th Rev. FWD Left Ad just Iifetime. +TSC #1 5FPS Approx. 15 min afte r 2A Left Right Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual characteristics of thruster plume . TSC #2 5FPS 5 min. a fter TSC #1 Down Up Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual c haracterist ics of th ruster plume. TSC #3 5FPS 5 min after TSC #2 Up Down Evaluate thruster operation. Determine visual characteristics of thruster plume. 28 27FPS Perigee fol lowing 2A AFT AFT Adjust lifetime. application. Evaluate 3-axis 3A 4FPS Apogee of 45th Rev . FWD FWD Adjust Iifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. 3B 6FPS Perigee following AFT FWD Adjust lifetime. Evaluate thruster operation. 94/ 134 N.M. 93/ 124 N.M. Evaluate thruster operation . s:: -b (,J 4 1 l0FPS 45/99 (45/97)* *FOR PACIFIC LANDING +TRANSLATIONAL SYSTEM CHECK 62d Rev. {or 66th Rev. )* AFT AFT Achieve OAMS retrofire. operation. Evaluate thruster I °'I 0, ~ M-913-65-04 TABLE Ill IN-FLIGHT ACTIVITIES Time Revolution No. HRS:MIN 0:12 1:45 1 2 4:35 7:45 3-4 5-6 11:15 7-8 13:05 17:05 19:52 24:00 25:58 29:25 31 :20 31 :40 9 11 13-14 16 17-18 19 20 21 33:20 22 43:00 28 44:25 29 46:48 30 47:33 31 52:30 54:35 56:35 70:26 76:30 77:20 90:45 95:45 96-35 33-34 35 36-37 41 46 49 50 58 61 62 97:32 97:46 5/24/65 63 Function p CP EVENT Insertion Check I ist D-9 Experiment Translation Maneuver D-6 Experiment MSC-1,2,3, and 10 Experiments M-3 Experiment MSC-2 and 3 Experiments D-8 Experiment D-9 Experiment D-1 Experiment M-3 Experiment S-5 Experiment HF Communication Tests D-9 Experiment S-6 Experiment MSC-2 & # Experiments D-8 Experiment D-8 Experiment S-6 Exoeriment S-6 Experiment S-5 Experiment S-6 Experiment M-3 Experiment MSC-1 Experiment Translation Maneuvers Translation Maneuvers Thruster Failure Check Power Down S/C S-5 Experiment S-6 Experiment M-3 Experiment D-9 Experiment MSC-2 & 3 Experiments S-6 Experiment D-9 Exoeriment Translation Maneuvers M-3 Experiment Apollo Yaw Orientation Power Down S/ C M-3 Experiment D-9 Exoeriment Power Down S/ C M-3 Experiment Pre Retro Checklist, TR-5 Minutes Checklist, TR-1 Minute Checklist Retrofire, Retro Jettison, Post-Retro Checklist Reentry, Drogue Chute Deploy, Pilot Chute Deploy, Main Chute Deploy, Two-Point Suspension, Touchdown, Post-Landing Checklist Page 15 X X X X X X Dav Niaht X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X :.<. X X X X X X X X )( X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X )( M-913-65-03 TABLE IV GT-4 CONSUMABLE LOADINGS ITEM QUANTITY REMARKS Batteries 703 Ibs. based on a 2400 A-h Each battery has a 400 A-h capacity OAMS Propel Iants Odixizer Fuel 246 lbs 164 lbs Oxygen Primary Secondary 52 lbs 13 lbs Lithium Hydroxide 97 lbs Food lb lbs Drinking Water Spacecraft Adapter 14 lbs 61 lbs RCS Propellants O x idize r Fuel 40. 4 lbs 3l.61bs Egress bottle are also carried if ejection is required. GEMINI PARACHUTE LANDING SEQUENCE 50,000 FEET LANDING SEQUENCE 21 , 000 FEET At the end of the mission, the parachute landing sequence shown in Figure 21 will be employed. One item that should be mentioned in this regard is that should the 84-foot main parachute fail to open, the crew can abandon the spacecraft by eject­ ing and using their personal parachutes to effect a safe water landing. The latter sequence would also be employed should the spacecraft come in overland instead of the intended water landing. 9,600 FEET 9,000 FEET 1,500 FEET 5/ 24/65 Page 16 - !' 6,700 FEET HIGH ALTITUDE DROGUE CHUTE DEPLOYED t 10, 600 FEET SEA LEVEL FIG. 21 \ - - PILOT PARA.CHUTE DEPLOYED - It A It SECTION SEPARAT ION - MAINCHUTE DEPLOYMENT - 1_ Oft:N CABIN VfNT VALVE TWO-POINT SUSPENSION - CABIN WA.Tflt SEAL CLOSED - TOUCHDOWN ~~- JffilSONCHUTf ~ - M-913-65-03 MISSION MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY The Gemini Program is managed by the Gemini Program Director who exercises his direction through the Project Manager at the Manned Spacecraft Center. The direc­ tion of a specific mission is accomplished by a Mission Director acting under the cognizance of the Associate Administrator for Manned Space Flight from the time a space vehicle is committed to flight test until the end of the Mission Period. TITLE Program Director (Acting) Deputy Program Director Program Manager Mission Director NAME ORGANIZATION Dr. G . E. Mueller Mr . W.C. Schneider Mr . C. W. Mathews Mr. C.C. Kraft NASA Headquarters NASA Headquarters MSC MSC PROGRAM MANAGEMENT NASA HEADQUARTERS Office of Manned Space Fliqht I PROJECT MANAGEMENT Manned Soacecraft Center I TRACKING & DATA ACQUISITION MSC GSFC ETR SPACECRAFT LAUNCH VEHICLE MSC McDonnell Aircraft Co. MSC SSD Aerospace Corporation Martin Company Aerojet General OPERATIONS ORGAN IZATION FOR MISS IO N PERIOD MISSION DIRECTOR ...__ _--.-_ _ __ _ , - - - -- Staff Gemini Flight Ops Rep DOD Mgr for MS F Support - - - - ~ Operations Gemini Requirements Program Coordinator Security Officer Meteorologica l. Group Manager Deputy for Flight Operati ons At las/ Agena Launch Director Medical Director Publ ic Affa irs Director Fl ight Crew Director ---------------------------------Flight Crew Medical Monitor 5/24/65 Page 17 DO D Recovery Director M-913-65-04 TRACKING AND DATA ACQUISITION The ground support network for GT-4 wi 11 be the Gemini Manned Space Flight Network (MSFN) illustrated in Figure 22 and tabulated in Table V. There will be , however, some mi nor modifications to th e MSFN for the GT-4 miss ion. These changes for the GT-4 fl ight are prima rily in loca t ing the range t racking ships in positions most advantageous fo r the orbits to be flown . TABLE V - NETWORK REQ UIREMENTS FOR GT-4 Telemetry Tracki ng Network G round Sta tion Code Merritt Island M ILA Cope Ken nedy/ CNV/ M iss ion Contro l MCC PAFB Patri ck AFB lr.:.""d Bahamas G BI GTI Grand Turk IAnti ouo A NT Asce nsion Island ASC Valkario Fla . VA L Eleuthera Island ELU BDA Bermuda Conarv Is land CYI Kono N iae rio KNO TAN Tananari ve Corna rvo n CRO CTN Canton Is land HAW Hawaii Guovmos Mex. GYM Corous Christi TEX Rose Knot V i ctor RKV Coasta l Se ntrv CSQ RTK Rana e Tracker Pt ArQuello, Cal CA L White Sa nd~ NM WHS Ea lin AFB EG L M SC , Houston MCC ITe lemetry Airc ra ft Ra dar Mi strom Ac q. aid G emini la unc h C Band X or oth ers as I isted GE-Mod 111 - G X X X X X X PCM FM/ FN X Comme nd Spacec ra ft vehi cl e Li nks R/T re ceived D/T RSDP * Fli ght Controll er Manned A/ G vo i ce DCS Tone UHF HF Xa 3 X X X X X X X Xb Xo 3 3 3 Xb Xb Xe X X X X X Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe 3 3 2 2 3 2 3 3 3 3 3 2 Xb X Xo Xo X Xa X X X X X Xo X X X X Xe X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe X X Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe Xe . Xe Xe Xe Xe X X Xe Xe Sites X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X X (d) NOTES: a - Record Only c - Remoted to ond from the MCC b - Remoted to MCC d - Three te lemetry aircraft i n pri mary recovery area * Remote Site Data Process (R SDP) The ground network support facilities include the MCC-Houston, Cape Kennedy (CNV), Air Force Eastern Test Range (AFETR) downrange stations, the MSFN, and Goddard Space Flight Center (GSFC). Real time tracking and the acqui­ sition of data for post flight evaluation will be provided by optical and photo­ graphic systems, MISTRAM, GE Mod Ill radar, C-band radar, and the Impact Predictor OP) 7094. The network as listed in Table V will monitor spacecraft and launch vehicle PCM telemetry. The flight controller-manned stations, as shown in Table V will display selected spacecraft data for real-time evaluation and transmit these data to the MCC via teletype. The MCC will use both the Digital Command System (DCS) for transmitting commands. All the remote sites that are flight controller-manned, except for GYM, will have the DCS command capability. Tone commands for use by the Range Safety Officer will be used for manual fuel cutoff (MFCO), auxiliary second stage cutoff (ASCO), and Destruct. 5/24/65 Page 18 -0 0 (0 (1) I \ TH I / /_ I \ / /J I \ P ,I C / I / l w I 0- <.n I FIG. 22 0 .i,.. M-913-65-04 BACKGROUND Project Gemini is the stepping stone between the comparatively simple one-man orbital flights of Project Mercury and the complexities involved in the multi-man lunar flights of Project Apollo. As such, Gemini's prime reason for being is to increase knowledge of man's capabilities in space and in developing operational techniques to support the Apollo Program. Thus, Gemini's objectives become: a. b. c. d. e. f. Long-duration flights - up to fourteen days Rendezvous and maneuver in space Docking with a target vehicle Extra-vehicular activities by the astronauts Control led reentry Operational training for al I flight personnel concerned To accomplish these objectives, a series of flights have been planned of which this GT-4 is the fourth. The first three demonstrated respectively: orbital insertion capability, spacecraft structural integrity, and crew accommodation qualities. The four-day manned flight will further demonstrate manned space flight capabilities for the support of future missions of even longer duration. The remaining eight Gemini flights, all of which will be manned by two astronauts, are tabulated in Table VI ' with type of missson and approximate date of flight: TABLE VI Mission No. GT-5 GTA-6 GT-7 GTA-8 GTA-9 GTA-10 GTA-11 GTA-12 Mission Objectives Seven-day flight with experiments* Radar rendezvous and docking 14-day Extra-vehicular activities Optical rendezvous and docking Simultaneous countdown and rendezvous Direct rendezvous Apollo-LEM rendezvous simulation Apollo-LEM abort simulation Date Latter 1965 Early 1966 Early 1966 Early 1966 Mid 1966 Mid 1966 Late 1966 Early 1967 *Includes rendezvous evaluation pod The planned end-of-the-mission touchdown point is in the Atlantic Ocean approxi­ mately 400 miles southwest of Bermuda as is shown in Figure 23. This is the primary landing area. The GT-4 mission employs a zone concept for recovery which estab­ lishes four recovery zones: East Atlantic, West Atlantic, West Pacific and Mid­ Pacific. Each zone consists of a circular area with a radius of 240 nautical miles in which various ships and planes will be stationed. An aircraft carrier will be sta­ tioned only in the primary landing area as ii lustrated in the recovery forces diagram 5/24/65 Page 20 M-913-65-04 GT-4 PRIMARY AND SECONDARY LANDING ZONES, RECOVERY SHIP SUPPORT AND CONTINGENCY RESCUE FORCES ;J DO 00 \) ~ 00 00 00 30" HICKAM 0 0 GUAM O" ~ l~ PRIMARY RECOVERYAREA 8 REEm;~ANEA CVS CARRI ER 00 OESTROYER AO OILER 0 CO NTINGE NCY RESCUE FORC ES " 0 PAGO PAGO 30" /)};; FIG. 23 of Figure 24. Other areas in the world along the ground tracks are called contingency landing areas. Because these contingency landing areas are world-wide, it has been necessary to pre-position certain aircraft with their associated crews, pararescuemen, and paramedics so that they will be able to reach the spacecraft in sufficient time to render aid to the downed astronauts. These contingency forces have been deployed to the bases shown in Figure 23 . It should be noted that there are numerous types of aircraft RECOVERY AREA FORCES in the launch area and primary landing area for telemetry, weather reconnaissance, aerial ARS AIRCRAF T PRIMARY RECOV ERY ZONE (480 MILES N DIAM ETER ) photography, and recovery operations. In addition to these aircraft there are also several helicopters in the pri­ mary recovery area from the LANDING FOOTPRINT aircraft carrier that are carry­ (ELLIPSE - 200 MILES BY ing swimmers. These swimmers 40 MILES) deploy into the water and attach an auxiliary flotation collar to the spacecraft. Launc USS WASP AND ONE DESTROYE R area recovery forces are de­ AT TOUCHDOWN POINT 3 WASP HELICOPTERS picted in Figure 25. 1 WASP COMMAND AIRCRAFT 1 USAF SSB RELAY AIRCRAFT ~ ARS AIRCRAFT FIG. 24 5/24/65 Page 21 M-913-65-04 LAUNCH AREA RECOVERY FORCES 2 MINE USA M 113 LARK TANKS LANDING FOOTPRINT ( 27 MILES LONG) USMC \ AMPHIBS FOUR HELICOPTERS TWO PHOTO JETS FIG. 25 5/24/65 Page 22 NASA ROUTING SLIP ACTION NAME (if ,,,msary) CODE APPROVAi. ,. CONCURRENCE FILE INFORMATION 2. INVESTIGATE ANO ADVISE NOTE ANO FOIIWAR0 3. NOTE ANO RETURN l'ER REQUEST RECOMMENDATION SEE ME 5. SIGNATURE REPlY fOR SIGNATURE OF, 6. 7. REMARKS: ~ - Of4-· ~ ~ ~~~-&._. Q~u' HL ~ J)k ~ - ~ ~ l · J>~~P1~,~s ~A-- 1-~t I 'J- ~ ~ < L -~ f-i ~ o'\rv--J ~ J - ;-T;/::i, er_ lJ. 1/~ I 0ATE , NASA 'Form 26 (Rev. Jan. 1963) u.s. GOY[RMN[NT PRINTING o,,ict ~ 196-& 0,-1571845- NASA ROUTING SLIP ~ NAME (if 11«mary) CODE 1. \6 J 2. ACTION APPROVAi. CONCURRENCE - ,-,----£ FILE • INFORMATION (- i/--e_ INVESTIGATE AND ADVISE .. NOTE AND FORWARD 3. NOTE AND RETURN PU REQUEST "· IIECOMMENDA TION SEE ME 5. SIGNATURE REPLY FOR SIGNATURE OF: 6. 7. REMARKS , ~~1" CT'µ:;:- I ©4;~"'1- r#- ft{ J' c_ 4. l ~ z.s-- frGJ' ~0_ I I . FROM: I CODE : I NAME : N ASA f or m 26 ( Rev. Jan. 1963) (/ C DATE : U.S. GOVI RNM ! NT P RINTI NG Off' IC[ : 19H o,-67'8 4 5 EX l 3 - ROUTING S L IP , NA E I NIT I AL N. G. FOSTER R. L. cox w . A . EATON G. C . HR A B AL R . A. MO K E F. B. NEWMAN ' 0. SM IS TAD B . BROCKER ~ M. M ~ ~ FILE -=> E I A R KS \..__ ---- fLc.. ~ C,,vL() z; C..y 0~ AFT~NO<#,J Se-w,o~ <Dr ~ f. 9\& b c.,cn: I N- " • ~ f l - l,'-\Jrc, Belt 11 )'.,; or· ~;omc.;U1j r.r ~ .Ulce t! ,r,.t ,Lovt', from looking Now t he ai r ~l ow was discovered q1lit a number o· y ea s ago wh en it wa s .om t e ground the h ard way and, stud · cd t e ai!'.' 0 10vfedge on at uh uh, by etometer (?)' ,1.nd l,y ( tri11.nguJ.;.i. t • on) , by tryi ng to determine h ow high i t wa s it was many yea r n h r oJ"<• on· 1,a<l ::om,1 j< <'>L how ll lg}1 tr,c air 1.i:low really was, ancl .ir1 a rnorm:11. wv -<! "W j.ll .lrnl.i1:1d,· l1t)W in u. rrv-.1.l,L<·r- ....it.. , ,. c..-. ~ Cu.rp ·nL(·r- wac ·· lil • Lo it w:.J,,s . W"l.ls :L th . /\ncl dis,·ov _ ry 111a<'l.c :L ht vant 11~ .Looki ng 'U/~(' LK't.nd tl1< : r1 lie: d:i.<t ·t 011 <:Lr:r-m i 11C: er [" seconds how v.wu.y w:i.tl, :,0 y :r.1.rs of' hard wor·k. Lh<..:.rc: hut pc,in t LJ1c t;h at in a WIL~: Glenn and ccr·ond.o in u mutter Aga.in jgh the e ~ - c onds from few poj_ri L yn u cnn d > tl jolJ. Nuw with tl'ic air glow t hen wt· ' l l . . . a band we never mean by LL so L of ul1 , arnl J.jkc.: i n th· s lide or som thing like red. l' 1.•f't't:tly tlc~ :i. 1'.ncrl tlio.L. . i t :;urn l,j IIK: :; a Ji t;t;l • J'11z:1.y l,ut t:.l1i s - f j s U1c air glow band and thi s C rp ·11t r nnd. li_y r·ock. ·t pn.::;~i11r.; L11r-()t.1/'.h the 'L.i.r elow. TJb glow i t was u sed i n dg on tl11tL we 1t1~v, _ h .ard ttl,rn1t Ut:Ls mot'ni.ng uli com1 rtion vlit}, l:h _ u:,,xtu.n) X'P'l"imc.m L.; ancl ' O on. th·I s is t h e air Now 1 just wanted to 1: i vc y 0 11 ::om(: idcu. ol.' wl 1c-rc; we - :;l.1t11d. in 'l id/~l1tnes s . N w ub, before ~tr.Jwv--~ C.-lc1 111 w-:tn l.n l1;rvc· ,'.onr· ,i!'I' 1rl , 1 tl1v thD1l1'.ht W' L(.; Lo have him i r l t imaJtl some And NASA h ead- And. nil , ull , ,John Glenn w,1 :~ ; '. i v,·11 .-L 1i:; <I ,,v,'r 111 1.1.,-1,w , L1 1t· i 11l.('r· l', ·1 ·,·11cc (;;,,xt,u;r. IJl 1 he , l'i .1 l.1·1 · I re: , 11!.; , ve1·y slrnilar to thls t ype that was did not have ve y much time Belt l l l,o use it, did but l,c -rith the naked eye and h e have a cha nc uh a thing l ike that y ou don ' t d.oes look haz y . to ob s e .,_ve the air glow ·aw it edge on and h e name for it a t the mome t and a lle air · p;l w- know whether it haze or l uminou s sort ; i t Uni'or·l.;unal~ ly tlt:'.t' on l..,.~ may tinv is j t :t t 11 . pr·er;s and other p eople ke pt tha t Jumillou$ l 1t_y·, ., ·. ·i.s a ~elf J wninout: 11-y r . lle took t h 1:,.bl to tim a ::; La 1..1.nd lie n ote i I_; n.rni t u t e rm ReH-l ly, wbat Glenn saw Thex·, · may be " omctl 1i Tl/'. to -::.u.y ul>oul: l.t1a t , i.t . it , uh . . a nd really t he first time you s e e •·l si:;t, ,• ,)11:,;i ••L .in1-~ 01 · dus t. p11:r:-tlc•J(\~_; :i 1ci s o <,n . wn. 2 :i littl -· d st thee , l,ut, the pr.cdominate feature Now, C:.1.r:-:pe r,Lcr ha s mar. int rfC'r:- nee filt •re• hack u p with h j m time to observe and uh , he was p as'"'inf( t h row~li U1c air f~low a s the star was s etting Tl ·cl :Lt V y c-nre rull y . throur;h the air /'.low the u1)pt:r LI ; low r· and when :it cl .i :;app e 1u· :c . From that careful LimJ 11e; inJ 'ut·ma.Li un ore wt1:~ utile to µ.i n ,town Uie ex act time of' the air 1-'.low. Ro 1w: li.ly •)() l d J.u 111eL(•1 · . /\nd Lili s -i.o wl 1:iL took mnn,y many years to do 1·1 ·,,m Ll 1(' p:ni111 1d l,_y l.1 ·.ir1.rw.1 i.Ju.'\. :I ,)11 ( ·:·) w-J1 i <" I, i :~ ver ·y v ' r.y d.i ffic:u.lt cau se you 1t<·v c1 · l<.11ow l11 n, l,u Lnk(· , ·,tr · Ln1nsml s s.i on W<i.S u1 · 1.11111. o ic;c1 ·vation . Uh, we had h ped J. iglrt 1vl1 :i<- il is very d iffi ult I H'1J.r- I.I1c :;1111 , c111 c trtl, yrn1 ,·itn ~;(' (' i t, c,1uy 1.ri 1('TI the s un :is , oh, some to s ee C-- l:r:lt l l v/1 • l.1c aolc t o sec t hti.t . UJ i, Coop e some: L:i.rnr: sec :. ;.3tronauts might was able to see the White and McDivitt s aw the . . . light , ve ry wel l. . light , and uh , Uh, the let 's se e there ' s another point here ; well, w ' 11 go ba k t o t hat in a moment . cason I 1,htnk have tt lw.vr: Urne Lu ehow whuL ,,.,:111 do so . UJ1 , we re able tu r 1· 1n1 ar show what r:Fm be done . :_:u]ts , v ry . nLc r 'S Ung . 11t1 t hat McDivitt and White f ir s t of all, t hey saw a Ul1 structure in the air g l ow a nd this is the fi rst time this i s one inst ance If we be don<· lly r~xLem.l.int'. v i s 1..ia1 obscr vt"i.tions we 01 · Ll1 ·s • n. w r :,om or otl1e.r dcsji.'.ns I~ The a uh , . e p ort ed. In i s seen some structure i n the ~i r el ow that they ' re looking edge on turns ( whlte) . . . . Thi s has never been obscrv d b for e . It is ve r y hurd to observe t hi s with a roc ket ; you clan ' t know when to fire the rocket to do t hat . intc.;rc ct:Lnp, tli ·ine; . They obcer-vcd. unothcr Lh • 1:,.1r.th ' :: -'Li..mu:..;phcrr: dnwn ·1ic1ow Lb . 111 . 1::: rcJ ,ortccl f"r.um uh , uJ1 , npac l1y l.l!l They, they obse rved that . They observed mcteo o i ng into I t .i :; the .first time a mcteo ,rnL onui1L . And it. wa a very pecu- 1.iar .xpe rjcnc:c l"or· i..11 rn I itru sure: b r·.-1u se they saw the things below them own .I.nto t.hc ca1 · t;h ' n utmo::;pltcr(: . go ng /\u t al ia) Lli·i.,.. 1 they cuw u.J1 tg :I. n ave Th_y saw when they were over /1.ustru.lin they sn.w (southern) lights uh , ir.; L11e l'it·:::I; time J tl i inl< Ll1·i s i s reported by astronauts . . u lo L Ile l. l:c r Lllan I wl, l,1 · r1i1-'.l 1L l.i1n,· pl1 L't1,,1m·1111. l.l11..':;,• :i 1· , :: pl 1c11<>n11'11u. I.I rd, i :~ d •i IT.i 1·1l.l L P ll i.H•rv, ' 1· 1·um 'rh c 1L1ld. 1·c m1 uh . and ut·c some inte e ting twilight oc ·kc t s or sate l ites and they (Jh tllcy fow1d sunrise s more Belt ll spectacular than sunsets. Uh , l;. I will try to explain that in a moment if I can. going to go back a moment t o what Coope r J uh , what Schirra uh, saw during a twilight right a fter sunset . He obs erved) uh, the planet Mars and he observed at twilight, the sun had just set, a very specta.­ cular array of colas , he describes them very carefully in the report, in the blue.: book, his 1iJ.ue book , and sumrna.rys blue book too . d.escr-ibcd a ro.th r :Lnt est:lng blue hand that ' "' three blue bands ; you r-an o.11 0chi c a. ' s hlues . d.o qu • t w 11, \./ i th bl1t ~s . dark blu l j gh L on 'j_t . is true and he's able to a da k blue , light blue, a nd a He observe i1-i 1:1. sn ' l: know whether on d ··_ fi ult word. m nns the When one says lue was a lighter hue or nut 1 j t J it 1:ipp '1:1. ~ to be 1:1. iigr1t blue J and. one has brig! I t J: • W:l: ; Uh , . . /\nd t le worc.l "light" d.o to use these wo tls or what t hey stand. Anyway, we uh , from what these ob se vations v re is (reportedly) on to a tape and is and afterwards we are all very consistent . construct this thing . plca"ell w:i. Llt H . We di<ln ' t quit - know wl a t this thing (band) s Lill not too sure . I ook :i 111-~ . Ll1<: :;11.111c [; j rn le.::;:.; ,m • :I.~-; l111,·c·rvj nt,~ , ,. appr·ox·im11.L ·ly ul1 , 011 , L'r •om 10 t.!1inr, .L:ik I t (H.·ems to huv rh, 1 l1J1 that . Uh, we think it might be tube 1>c'c:tuse th l, ·r:!111.Lqu v J\ r· t.:Lmi.ll1-; :Ls l,h lrik 11(1:;ci 1,.1.Y- We had an order to try to s cond t me around he was somewhat, he was was u. t; f ir st · ,.,, 'r 11:;c· . (debriefing) The fir s t time a ound it needed a little correction wr1en lkhirra saw 1.t; th quit Uh , he Carpenter Jiad stn.rted. Lil • O:loni sphcrc t . tomorrow is edge on . Uh . we The ozonisphere l'.> kilometers hitsh up to rO, someu 11lll.Ximum around 2:> or 20 kil omete s . ozone 1i8 you know, is very ve y absorbing in the ultraviolet, BE.:lt 11 ·:wL c·tir11plcLc, ,dJsorl 1;.1.nl; lw·J.ow 3000 !"or s ol;ir radiation c.:oming in '.rlu:, t'C :i.s anoL! 1e r· weak band o y ll(Jw, t:tnd 1~, .c; 1 jn tbc 6000 Ur r1 rt i J• ·1iy c l ock I ill w- D.I< 1r1.om· l,11.nd p1 · :: orr, _(;h :ir1r'. .l .i k c· l;hn./., . 1111 , ozone i n the ed, • l,,,rnd uh , at , uh , di sta nce 5000 . 7000 and \./c · I.J, tir · ) r:: _.I L11,:n· absortion this wa y And ·i (; clo i:: PrLly an 1·q, 1i vnlc·1d; oJ' :J s 11 tract , tt ;2 rnjJirnc-tc1 ·s n1il:iinc ·l,c-r:; :t l·,mcl~JJl 1er, , J :i,g}1 l: . i:; 01 · 1· (1111 ·~:" , !.11:1.I; llow,,vc1 ·, ,·,miplc l.1 , l,e:1 ·1.1.11: :c ' (r:orrt,j , 1111.1.t:i on ) o.L' th sw1- wl 1e:n ,yu1r lo k at l.lrJs c:u.ge c,11 you ' re look:ing throueh :,o i I. <Loe ,:: :11./.,tl-j,c:t out 11 lot uf' red 1 'L li('t '1' 1 :: iv: '.Y . c; 1•r·l.:r.i11.J_y /\11<1 1,_y ·1 l.l.1·:1.1 • 1, i 11,•~ I 11 i'·w l. , \,/t • 1• ,. l.:tkh11 •: , , ·,l./l'1'i111'. ir, ]nl. ,1, 1.11 i :: ()I' l '(•d, yr • IJ.c, 1✓, 111" 1•1 ·<·<:11 :in 1,/ 1C' lilu · sky any- i.11a1. ,111l. _y1•11 ,·11d_ up w i 1.11 nnnLl,l·t · kJ 11'1 of' blue . i :: 1•111:i. l. i I, 1-1.·1:: . 1.J,,,y l 1wl l11·c•1r l,:tkin1,'. l,fi<- Lop 11nd Ll r<' ~(• . w-il. 11 I~, . we 1·1·11 ' I, :-JLll ' <' a rr l Ll,cjr · 1'.11 1 ,:amc- ·a tllll l.h('ll ycst.e:r'l.iay , u.li , ~n the Br:lt 11 The explanati on ,· ,mr i r·rncu. l ,y p! ,oi;ol,';rapliy, motion p ie t trre photocrap hy. I givr may or may not J.n ok u. t all the 1 )C: ,ther p r·ohlcm •. 'l'l1 . r, ' n a l s o 8. dust layer in here within l.l 1r· :.;j tuut.i.on d()wn ,lon ' L know, :it rtuty be v ·ry c· ompli -1-it d . un oh .; r v1::1.Lion I have n ' t had a cha nce to i['.'.;l t , I don ' t know. lnLer <·(in1':i rmed l fh , by U11: wh :Ltc so wh 11 .Y• uJ- 1, 1.1.notl, cr Get oi' ast1·onauts doing <:nupcr · mack •,ume v r:y intcrcs tinB ob 0 ,·J011ds a rid 01 · ,· our~;c· Ll1 ' rcsL i s :J. rll)W I Li'(' 1-1 111 ·l,:i 111'. ,,11 1.11, · po <·-v a1r.l 1111 . ,. l<lild:: s olu r !"adiation and sort of of ligh t here and y ou l.'ucto1· <>L' t wo d :i f f 'l'l 1i s i:.; p 1·1fpl,· j n you l o k ti.mm y ou ' r·e e;ettinc u.h , r·je;rrt 11 hjrnl j(·, , you ' r· ·· /'. t t:in1 ~ an ·i nte ri sem·rrt of , :.;c I ''o 11crc 's another situation where clown un t }1c <:l oud:.: und >-1.:i 1· p;low j::.; vr-r,y trarn; p,~r-cnt Ll1at.. sort u !' t hin/~ l i clit too well i1,Le C" Lin1: e nt . 1eca1tsc the I. :J.i. 1· 1~Juw expvt· .Lm-nt whi h wi l l be 1,wl L. w1 • • . 'I' 1r( · r ·, • ' : ; • L11• , I.I 1( • r • i 1 1L< • 1·1 · : ; I. i 111 '. I. i l, LI ( • l, .Y- 1~ I ·~x l 1 II" l, . ln 1, w•i L:1 l trt mnon . ·r is i rJ ct.lWttys c;low, l, !1 • I.i s ('d gc o n u.lr ~low . i l, i s r;omine; thr our:h t he· rd r But yo u also a:ce looki ~ through the a i r oun ; you' r e l ooking so t o f taking t wo pa sses jn::;tc 1;t.d of one , l onp: b i g pa t h and y ou a r e getting 1~- u w :;omc .I i,'-~hi.. ; and _y1, u. 1H ·<~ 11ul. /'. -·l;t I ll'. vc r _y mur·l 1 l :i ht :f om t he s urf ace o f 1lJ i i n / ,c• r·c . \./, :11 I JJ 1, l':i n e , j ll w 11i 11n ti 111 '. Ll1c ca r t J1 ' :.,; Jen, : 1.ntl p· r l ,u _p:__; the' l,J11 u 1 !.11 ' /J. ,i , . / '..11 ,w Wi l ('J I l,l tl'/ '( ' j r• n11 rrl( )() fj McDj v.il.t ,tnd \.fliitc· i.l ' the @)on is out :Lt il. w-as 1 J.i t tle bri r✓,htc r t he ol·./1c r. wny ;.;,,rotmd. l n Pact Lhe Lit i n,1~ 1.1 1 t I 1c <I a _yt :lmc : . J i)I(: o.r tl.c.:m11rk 11 t;:i.on :i s mu d , mon: 1·1 rw 1:1.t n igh t T'h c c!.lty-L:i1r1c 1ll.t.Y tl rc <" J owl si l,1J:·t1.:ion i ::: is tih But 1,;h • Lhc•y pre f er t han i n v er y d if· i c ult effec:t 01. 11. :;ccms U11J.t they, they ituati on t ytime . I )/ I ' 11 1:t ln· .Y' •; : ' , •111• i I. rl 0)( . . . : ; l ..•t l.< ·1 •1, •1 tl • . lilt . l, 11I. "" I. v,·r ·,v 1t 1,, , · lt . N, ,I 1.i 1c 1d . . l tll , t he v l s:tbl c 3elt ll Lil :d . ~ r.;low from the 1·onL :i nui;J...Y',1c may have c:u1..,.s e C pe ople t o think that there ' s ::; om •Ll L.i n11: very n1c1.[~j c; a out Lhc.: 1~reen (line) . ,l - Belt 12 5~7'1' 4-477 atomi c oxygen g reen l i ne of the air gl ow 1 rom t he continual we may have caused people to think that t here ' s someth ing very magic about t he gree n (line) . I f you are starting t he green line certainly you want to observe the g reen line are built very carefully to obs rve (holding ) the g reen l ine j_n a nd uh, would continue (near) . But for o.pplications it may not be alwuy" wise to sub tract the (<.:ontinuim) . In other words , while' you ' ce d nling with a nd this is a gain Lhosc 1,000, 7000 . 23 mentioned '.h 77 j s the green line right here but tl 1ere ' s a str ng con tinuim rig/it nlong he .re . thi s :i.s th light we ' v been talkjng n.bout . visnl>) c nip;ltt elow cdr.;c on :Ls is t he total. thcr and just . A lot of 1 ight here; 'I'his visual n ight (glow) ,.,o there's a lot of light . :· n tl c :Jexto.nt experiment . . . . constructively cr iti cal p cx·riaps th r ,ason wh y th . didn 't wo· k too well i s a f ter one is throwing a wa y a lot of l i ght . foe J.ights you. know. Uh , t his is not a s bad as the case of Remember years ago the 'rhey were li~ht wasters . og light s were yellow. There i s no r1.:ason, the only reason why they wo. kcd. well is th .Y w 1·L· low down :;o cv ·ntuall,Y the yc~llow . . . . disappear . Hut .YtYll don 't; want t.o w;u:.:tc /J.liY Li1'.l1t. . ynu t 1 1· • • • be <lid J>r.·c • Howev er ·r us :i.np: l;l1c 1~re e n l'jlter and McDivitt p referred I ':i 1.·::; t ,,r· ul11~ r:rva.t.J1,n . I 1ow u.h , t o , 1.cpcnds a lot your own method J do w:Lr,t to po.i.1,L L,uL that on' has Lob on • rnak1.::i . other White will point out to l-.t1irlf.'.f; , upplicu.t:i or1:-.; tlie_y n1 · 1d e glow. Uh, you. wcrcn ' t l1ct·c ye st.e day ; very ca eful ecall any . know a J i.ttlc bit 1;tbout H .. lfli , I think I shoulcl . . . . . senr·it i ve ity H ' each of the astronaut s start:i.ng with Glenn who l ad trouble getting . . . . Well, I r eally don ' t want to get into that t oo much for this reason. there will be a very Finall~, ine experime nt carefully planned through the . I mean sensitivity uh, Oh , uh , uh he wa n ' t O. K. Well Glen n didn ' t u <:hang able to n!B.k c the E:amc a<.: ut t o get . . . . and therefore observations for example, a s Cooper was a le to make bcca1.we for example , I don ' t think Glenn had an opportunity to really eet . . and see very muc;l1 on the daytime skies but you mean maybe, uh, tha t t ype of ult , W 11 uy, Y'S , uh, o Oh, alright v cn star light . ine , alright , I see what you mean . What was the (landing) o bit magnitude? Yes . 0 . K. llh, g oing bac k to . . . . let rn Uh, in one ·a sc Coop - r \-,as taking o. small, woke up and opened hi s blind continue with tha t and looked out and he was on t he dcr.y s ide . him, the s u11 was d:Li:-c c tly behind M m. any portion oJ' th The e arth was d irect l y below Do the a.rth was not illuminating window nor- wu s :i.t; :I.l.lumina ting anyt hing that the window :;aw. 'l'hcrc :i.::; not prj ma. y , :Jee mlary . . . . a ca Jjk• Liiat . II<: hu.d. IL :p1·c •t,Ly 1~oorl s :it ual,ion and 1~ d i d ::,ee s tars in the d:i.y l,:int<: ln.rl, lie cJjd h1d:i.,·11.tc Ll1at ltl ' wns ,1ot ul>l w, • l<.now th ', ·e: ' s :t tJ.ny a i 1• ~low l>uL J'.; ab r,:Lnni :ng f usu ,jcct:i.v to S<' '• a s well in the i ts vc r-y di LTicul :t to me a sure and he e ob"c1 ·vntion of , of it s (me n ) at the <>n uorir-d S<J what tt1i1.t d urlnp; the; clny sid.<.: one can :took and observe p hysically the d ay air glow is . have the orbiting . lem. Now t his is very important b ecau se here we . next y ear and very i mportant background prob. observatories . . Two of t he orb i ting 1:dr glow, t hjs air glow. . . . are above the nut the day air- g l ow is much higher and uh, at l ea.st , there ' s p;ood evidence in the rocket measurements that i t ' s higher and i t ' s sort of u.ssoc:iatecl witli a red air glow. And, so here 's our situat ion where an o.etronaut was a1Jle to : mbjectively note the d i fference between day and nip:ht in the (sky) sec d1.')\v.J'l to 7tl1 antl 8t! 1 lf'll:ll '.Tli turc were not al>lc to sec so well. Uh, McDi v·i t t and White were able to r.; tar::; where as the other a stronauts AgEr i .n i. t may be: 1:t question of (darkmcntation) p erhaps not that much more t ime but uh , time ... t hey were ge tting d own to uh, the kinda of sensitivity . . . that uh, should be possible under , under good condi t ions of dull a tmosphere . Uh, should we mention a nything (about) the window (pane ) and uh, to hear more about it, the question on did uy, White smear . . someth i ng on Lhe window or tak e something o:ff w:i L:h ld s elbow or somethi ng. I t appeared, rcom what w(~ heard, thn.t he tood sometl1:i ng oJ'.L' there h~s been some nr:cumu.11;1 t i on ( 't) them ::.w:lt Le ring tile mc<li um on Lhe wi ntlow and we took :~omc (;!' :I t oJT m1<i ,rltcn Lhr-011 1•11 t.1 1<' w-i11dow , i t look at whnl. lie d ici. they have to l ook inJ in i L lnok.ed blac-k wlH-rc he ltnd. rubbed someth ing off, :;caU.vrinp: u !T W-:iJ1d.ow w·J1l<:l1 !ind. a1T11m1Llal:ion (>1' little particles which 1u ·c; brou~hL or- ::a)lll\:tltJ np: wl1i<:li wo11lcl get in tlic light t he place where he moved i t :md. again j t lol)k ed. I\u t 1cl'ter nll the cockp i t inside is :Belt 1 2 relatively b.l.ac k cornpa. ed to the 01 tsidc . And th i s is true and they J ooked out thro1--<13.h the 'Window 1.1h , there seem d t o b e a change . In fact, they have a pl'1 otograp h of t h is ( spot ) . . . . Uh, talk abou t that . they are very uh , they say the astronaut s have t aken advantages of every po ssible opportunity t o note something unusual . the (;opies . . to the :futu.rc . Uh , And he keeps all . . I think we can look a little b it I th ink we uJ.l woul.d like t o extend the . r a nge of vi s i011 o.nd the wa y to do tJ-mt i s w•i t l1 inn ge converters . vc y ])rnc tic.:tl.l. on · Uh, i j s Thia may be des.line: with uh , the iclea of perhaps using v iol t lens t·at11er tl11m 11 ulue to r...-;ct d own to a re g:Lon that is . 'L You mn.y ue /7, t t.! ng into cl. reg :i on wbere the eye many ruo e c·ommunt::: on . snot ve r y sensit i.vc or nots nsitiv • at a ll, yet i t is a very inter ­ esting re gion to do p ractical navigation well , there one can us e the image c;onverter and hav to uh , the eye become s ensit ive through a n image converter (the near v:i.ole t) . I' om roc k - ts that There are many ob servations tha t have made are 1 a d to repeat . We ' re not sm·e thi~ happened b ut Uh, for e xample , ultra viole t a urora . uJ1 , two of th , se nntl L11rou~~l1 ,y_j r· ai1d. -Lt r:ot satura t d WHS a vc y st-.rong ll·: trnv:i o:JcL Ftnd . . in a rocket it tm·n s out t hat it probably u 01 ·1-1 over Wa]ll)ps Island . t.w-o ol' tile ( 1;1:l<· t..,lmc Lm··n ) worked uml l>ec:iuse ti icy were J,i1...-;!1 ::i;rw,iLivlty l111L tl1c 11u ::;11 t otl1t:l' t wo W-< : r·<· . . . . Wel J_ , . . to s uch Lili , there .as vj ::;1Lh.l • <:()tmt.cr·J)u.r.L 01 · thJ s aJ."c:t; tile e Wl:l.s 110 w y of knowing it · .LJ J Les I 1avc • • • • • . 11<; tromJ.uLs . LLltravio l c;t 1.:1.urora. /\us tralia visually . c:onw-rt rs 11 I L. n, vi oJ ct. I ,. ,. • I I i I And f'o r t unately Ll1cy Wi ~J 1 rr\j t,'.llt p•ic ·k might ' c able to l o ok a round and •r1,cy saw l".hi" aura a j_n south LI 1ft t 's l;I 1e bcginni.nt;. 11p Perhaps With image s om • 0Ll1cr · aurora . C/'. 'i on ; r l. ~ 1 I • we don ' t know whether :I 12 5 o w he: r< · af,:a i :, "'"n j magc, converter ,1jll <'nnvr•r- . . .. . l i1~hL Lo v •i.:-.;al J c I i1 ~ti1. . l, ;1eir 0 1, servu.tions Uli, l.haL have 1Jri n mucic o f U1esc neb locil.ies (? ) which may or may not ,,e so , th s • are ulLraviolet nebuloci ti . s (?) in the 1200- 1 300 Aw in on r g ·on . migli L h a v in a rnutt,,r· o(' u mnm nl. I think Jir·oblem(? ) -.,,e don ' t J i:; t Lhv 1.11!'.Y t;cl] t::iL ,·01,u11I.; ; when 1.I1i1w. on our r,ror:r·arn .voI1 ahou ', anu I. ey ' ve I.I,<: 1t:~l. rona11L" , i::; th , wh en ... . ::;uvgcsl. w<' l.ake u. <·orfee 1;r co.k whjle ohviou'.;ly 1,<:en d0l1.l.,yed :;o I wail. for f.hcm ..... Wc ' l cul. our· c:ol'f'ee bn,1:1k shor L. McDj vi LL ar,d Colon 1 WI, i L Uh , Jl I witril,<·d Lo ca.v 1.th , I tun ::;u1·e you ' ll (,l111.l . ' :; a.1,oid. l.h c,y :lf)l,) un-d ; w j n:; Ln.w1cn .al an see this In I.Iii :; L.Yfl<' or <'X[K' r· i.mcnL v<• r·,y diffic 11. t o uchie:v . know . 'l 'h or c ea te an i maee luok o.t u linL!(? ) untl :;ee if one M1 y1n· on ... tlC'buloc i Vi~,; (?) . ',l(' J] un j rnal~l' c onv er L r hfav silown u J her(' . Co lone an Uh , mayb e we r co11 11t. (?) , I. k • a min11l.c uncl .c ecouriL 1·0 -c th~m what w~ • ve cone . our 1nLen1. l1L'r 111 was Lo 1,av<-' each or 011r· exp rimcntors p,o tlirougr1 i>:L< · k1-'. r· <ll111d or : ,.1 :;u 1.ivv :;,1111, I.lie 1'Xl'c' 1·i 111<'11L , /'.l) lll' .VPlll' ( ' ( HnllH'til . :; ,V(l ll I l1 r-ou gl1 1./w /'.i •VI· t'.o •xp rim nl, , and 1 111'111 .v ~I.L'f' a,Y , I 1.11 i .1k l.ll• t ::p<·ul~<· r·( ·t ) w•J1Jlli :q11,n·,· i:1I. , · , i 1· .vo11 W(11il, i , c·omrn, )11I. ;-; w,d < l,:;1:r·v d,i,,11:: 011 "•t<'h ,i1 · Ll1L'..,e I icip;il,c•il rllf>r'l' l. /1('0I l/11111 f.I1(· O(lf!Or·l.1rnit..v l.l1i111'.: : w< · ,,,, ·11!. Uh , 1.. 111 · (~:wil.< · lt w:,:: I<, IJ.:-;I<. 1.IH'.Y lall<.< •d :Jl1011/ l u l1 , 0 t.h ,:ave s,.'ll\e 01' .,·otr own •.· p • ci.mc1 l...; , wh re ,vou i11 opcrat.ion ·! ) , l'<.' W qtt(• .:i.ion u 1> ;1~,1 · a11tl , uh ar - ';ive on :..l ie o\.h('Y I.Iii:; morJ1i11 1' . . . An c .L ,rtw ss Lhis morn · ng I. 1r·<111 f'. l1 Li,,, m<'di1 ·:d ,·xp .riu1< •11I: : I · Lrsl . . . Lhc me .i c· l e:icpe r iments <[j) .. ' . 6 Be H 12 and , L, cholce oJ.S Lo how you .....•.... (l\.ctually ) Lwo r ours in space . I don ' t think the re a re any questions on tha t . Ha, Ha . The X- ray s ( '?) dlcln ' t c.:r.a.1 se any sign if · c1::1.nt ha dsh ips as far as the ..... . Lo fl lgh L. 'l'he y mtvl- u::: get up wh1-d. , 10 minuL •[: a r li ·r . Yr·1;.h . you cw huck ( 't ) L ,uL. W<: J ~;lncc Lhcrc was ,mly 4. 3. (?) I gue ss 'l'l1ut ' s most ::;er lous p ro h em<• a.nd I wan Led a milkshake or something as soon a s I landed and I c uldn ' t have it . calcium until aid I couldn ' t have any what , ( 20 hours afterward s? ) /\s far as the flight probl ms 'l'hat' s a pretty safe f oar (?) my hce M"ne ' s all hale rlid.n ' t hurt at all. up . Tin. , Ha . 1 did.n ' t trd.nk yo u had enough hield c1.L Lhe rnom -•nt (?) Ila, Ha . 1'he uli , phon cardiogram (?) like s ome of the othe r se nses (?) .... eouplc day~ (?) Noi. so LhaL we coult.lr1 ' L arry on the mission . JL w.t ··n ' t any more t;oL11 ·rsome than u1.v ( l f the o Lhe r ones . l. ' db'enh1 L •r•st.cd in , LnLcrestc\1 ink.110wing , uh the ..... . rcsu It.:~ of Lhein . It, h:;.~;ri ' l. l" ( Jlll< ) lJp . .. .. . v,• .•i.1 1. Wl 1LL I ' rn ·(• 1.dly int.el'l'::1.vd i11 is wl1 L'Ll1\· r· or 1tul. our m l.l 1c mi<·rupl1,>11 • enough 8(> Liu.LL you 11,• LnJ n lot. 1101, ncc!cssar· il.v 1u· l1cur· L . I~ L. Wi ' i. \)i' ion dist rbe d other· things ..... an uh , a.lw· ys have the band on the ..... . • I .,,,_ . Belt 13 ua h- ... . . man on the t ape . 1'he EKG? On t he bi ometry tape r ecorde r . 'l'ney we r e arr a nged in s uch a manne r that the - the phonocardio 1~rwn by it self was not r cor clerl on both t ape recorder s . only r-ccor dc <.1 on one tupc r •cor de r. /\.nd s in,~c_: we were not neces::;ar ily inL · r es tcd in thl: mun wl1u wu~ u.wa k<! , l,ecaus e : r.ii.1 y oL1 we ·• ·n ' t. 1-~n ing Lo L 1.> ll<: w ·nL to :;J.ec1, , lJ • !J I' L.ight pr oflle 0 11 t.hc .v I, i omud j om .o It was was mov i ng a r ound l,J gc L uround t q t.t :J.L anyw:1y . LF.l.J) r 1 c:0r<l r w:i.:; un . Whe:n(:VE::r Most oC- the d ..... Do either oi· you talk in y our sleep? ~o , I d on ' t eliev e so . Jim doe s n ' t, do it? The r e we re around ome - thr oughout the sl ·ep I f elt move d my a r ms an J o nly u e 1 bout hu.l l,1t:: IJ1·:<: n JJ, ,, r ·<k po::i 1. ,, tri d to get. mor e I know I moved omf rtable . o f my "i r st Lhrc c sleep per i ods , whi h ..... b.v Lite l.lm Lite l.ld. r d X- 1·ay was being ... i. L l::; ul I he:a.l(:ci u_r, rlghL now. Wu don ' L r ·,dly l1nvc tl1 c tl.uLu yeL , e hcu rd ine . h i. i~ rnurnirw I.I 1a t 'l'l1crc is nv hin g \ffong with it . l ,ju;;t talked to Dl' .. ... . 13 Lo 10 p<: t'L'. nt , H to 10 pe r ce n t calcium d c l' i. c icnt . We 11 , we mud • u . .. ... uwJ N"I. •p1i l.1· al I 11,1,('k a11 cl L ,tm a.f r a i 1l .;..~ l o s s - nut quit e ba k w, · w, :r1· :1. Ii 1.1.11 • 1·ur j_n11:,; . We wondered iI~ maybe 2 o 1ffovi e ex Lra shiel • ng on tr,e right s id; of the pilot ' s heel we unt il a couple of week s from now we w · 11 chec cur ios ity . it again out of It is not part of the p rotocol or anything else . 1~at ' s all righ . )\11t , Now WC reali ze Lhat you have 1:1.re _just c;11 r'io u::.: Lo n na 0111, . W(~ ,j,1:.;L l,c; en pu.rudi111~ --- jomp a r ound on it i.!1 ••... Lhe mure you more .i L <.:ome s back . ou ' t know .i.f' you think you have lie •n jomp j 111~ more or ..... .L [ wilJ. L1::ll y ou unE: thJ ng - I n&.ven ' L hud. my f':..i.lr share of ice ·re n ttnd mi 1 k. llad yo 11 taken your last X-ray:;? 1 Postfli.ght u I ,c 10 < ays itl!<l i L Litrn W1~ ju:.; L l1ad Ll1 m. Cl.lJne o w ouL Lo he l? , I beli vc . tile '/Ll 1 r ichL , und -re n Lhe r e i t is n,iw and w, , I I , W<, j j , i i , . i V'Uf' i r::..; L_y t.11111.. I . n<.i I 11 ,w w': ' 11:Ld wi.; di cx:pec · i, . ti ! l o it y esterday morning , o WI" l , u u l , l.11at variable , but it is 011' : t. WUlLld b<2 back up by j ir-(.: . mun_y )•<.:1·1 ·<; 111. w I ,c.: l. w, ·en l,i IC v,·,·.v p r ,~li111i 11:tr-.v 1Hiw . .:l.i 11 ·C I mean Lll:~L :i.s it i:.; ri,il. <Jl.l i t,r, l ,,t · I< n 'nr wl111.L j I, i 011:; · of exerci,3c, and .... j on IL is not u d irr~ct, f1tncL i on cllr J u 23rd, al.Jout the 25nl day . Lh I thj nk if i L . s a (\me ,j1 ,:.;t u it was supposed to .i.L ' s u llttle over 10 day s 011L , l. w 11 i.11,)::, · l\ j" d o w n .Y Il l , l : ; /\ i!d i L : C:in yo t Lile r•c 1:l. l'C t:ell? S t..ill .v,·:;l.c rdu,v , ; nd we - Lhcy we r e p r· 11,t"l.i,·:,. l l_y w,·I. w11,·11 w1· w1. r c , hii,11~ i. t , i ,u t. we n.r e :., ill Belt 13 JH'O\.Jahly 4 l.i r '.:,, p - rc.:ent. b ]ow wha t tho:;~ wer f _Ligh L:; , ar1 _y, u wt:: r e wh r::n we took our pre ­ e::;pe c ·_ c.1.J l y the fir::;t t wo . ve ry cons tunt Well , if we are st.:· 11 4 o r 3 5 pe r cen down , t hen we onl y we n down a b out E3 per ent . High t . What is the ~enslLivlty ··n your meU1od 't Well, 1~,i poinLeoJ out L11i.s mornine , :1s I tlii 11k w are de1'inlt.cl.v within ,111 s ·v,:ra.l mnchi_n:; - m .11.Y w1: u.r e not. Wl1u.L w : 1:; ~ if. , erieml:::: on t he situation , b ut prircc n t . lt. - we produced i t Li.rne:.:; we, /J;<.;L much r· lu::; er th :-J,n that , but we d1)11 ' I. wa11 I. Lo ,-~O 011 I. <1 11cJ ::.ny U ,al, we :1.re - yu ,, r- ex.per i_cn<.:,: wlU1 I.ht; Lt var ie s . ·M:cc i :;e? Yes , well JeL m· <.:oounen t.. on Lh i.s fjr-::;I. liecau:;•.:: deviated C think I l'u.r t he r t e exp riment . But afte r getting any exercise at all , and ther e Li; a J tmit t o how mucb push ­ ing on t he t,vp1~ I xerc ise r t, hr ou1~ hout Lh • r emainde r of the oL 011.ly a ,; a mcLl1 n l. ll.p; •Ll ll :: _[ :;11.w l ' il. . I.() 1•: o l1 of e:,rnrcj 1;e a s pn;s cr ir)ed dlt,Y ;c; /\nd. [ did do L. l1i :: t. llrou,~!1 1.1 1e r emuin 1J.11rl l ,c ('llpli.lJJ•· Ly rn,y ::, · l r l.l1 n11 l.u :;o r- L 01· s l.n.v I.,, /,;c: L Oll l,;; ide tl 10 i_n Lo a p11 mpk in . Ii ·aJly . we w ' t·<· 1· i pul. 11 d . ,. v,: r-,yl.l1ir 11~ 'l'l,<: r our medi cal : ,uu1l: LI I Ln(! I. i k<: Lt at , :i of the spacec raft ouL r ather I 1a.n [ Lhou ht it was f u nny . J wa: ; 1•:(~l. l. .i11r1, muc:1 , l,:s :; exe r cise t han w:_,1,:-:; r in LI,<· .;I .a e u1 · l 1ibernnl ion . 1<. i 11d u 1· lik<'<l _y,>11r , ·onm1•11 l. yc s t.eni:1..v , :;omethi11,~ l.1 , n Ii 11 11 n al,w a " a J'o r m ,,!' r•x ·t·cis i.11:\ my ar ms and legs , liul. pa::i::c•:,; , 11nwr 'v,•, · 2 days I felt tha t I wasn ' t ·1oor Lhat y o1t can do , ~;o 1 , ot c l ,i.cance f'r om Dr . Grady , 1...o go ahead and u.,e the 1' I igl1L . u.bou a ::p1 1rL (i:.u·J.'f i11 1.11 ,; r1 · 1~l1t. whe n I ""l. , ,'.1;l.L i111 ~ ,·v c r ,y Ll1i1 11:; :;L,>n·il 1.Je1',11 ·c Lh I h ad an i was g e t"ng ~VI\ n...'1d we 4 Be lt 13 ad a ot o • a fa ir arno u.nt of exerc •se there . Then I found I could r each eve r y th · ng that... I needed t o reach without real ly .... myself all ove r the inside of the spacecraft . I manage d to get all the food out wh ·ch is a - in a lg is a fairly d "ff icult f-'.cL j t w i tho L , j u : ; t . - I lef't 1)11 alwa_y:; wu 1.lclJ1 ' L go lme;k l1uve e fforL a n y w hat... 'l'riey we r·• 1:.1. ll .... 1,.n<l 1.h·y olT . l o u t Wf: r· •; i 11 l,u I.I 1c I 101 • an ti und I j 11st jerke got the first one in 1.1. box ri -~ht ur::hind me and It... w,L ~; big n o u g h ::;o i I. wu:.; taped u ..Ll ..... und I J t . d.i<.ln ' t so J ,j1i:;L rea ·l 1~d back und f "nd it, , t.he rH.:issorr; an l'for t whatsoever I ani.i pre t., Ly :Jeon Lit -. next m•~ul would flop o L i_l, would Lak •ver, once l1 u.n(!. LJ1f-': <\111. . Lo worry abuu.l. .Lo.'.lin1,1, i.L t.11en I 1;0 a sk, I manag ed to c11L that one o ff, wi. h no • d I antic.:.ipatecl Lhut I mi.gilt have to Lur n around and read1 back in t,herc an )UJ. d o a lot of exerc • se s t hut ..... /\notliu· thing Lhat we thought mig11 t, _you !1ucl t..o mak rov .i.de exe rci se just d • dn ' t so And I W<.1.:m ' t l,IJ11L - I d .i dn ' t fee} l ike d uring i ,. a I < I. t> f ex •r ·.i :;(: :; !'or c:;crr i :.;c :.;nhe !>••cu.use wu weren ' L getti ng all 1.11,) ; :lr·e11 l.i1al. wit:; t.11<)11 1-'.llf. w<· I.,> Ii · du.i.n1-'. p1i::l11,p:: or 1~11_yLlli111: I t.hi1d~ LtJ1.1.f. ::om•·Ll 1i ng uq.~i1l. v<..: 1:.1.n.: 1t:.; • 11,'-'. 110L 1.1. l1 ·Lv u and L ,justl l, sl. the I ih\: 1.1,a L, .u \;-• c111ul· } 11 . 1.l1e u wo.rk I l ear l.11 0ugh ~- re , I t1 i n k in n r. pcri.m•n1. he r· (• :L: ; i.L wa~: dcs i gnc (;LJ.Jl~tc i Ly es j re I did feel tlla I.he wo r d c;n: r c.: i.:; • r;J.l.l 1c r· l" t ·c ly he n~ :~en:;<.: , und :11,i;o..i11 11<..:c .:::Jar L .V - :;J1,>11lcl lay o n u n o n w-a,; no t or u wnrh hear t cupacl 1..y te s I thi n1'. dc:1i 1'. n'd Lu pr vide Lb· cre w witli an extensive amoun s o Relt 13 c1xC;lrc i :;e , a11d I U, ink - I 1-~1tc:;:;(•1 l be l1n<i 1:2.1,01iL r;uei;:: bC('.:.1.u:;r, - 5 you probably -~ might have 60 pt~!L:; l,haL yr, u were rc :flly heaU.ng yourself 11p a llLtl c t,it, wider Uios<:: condit ion s . We ll, I made the c orn.men-L that 50 was k ind o f Lr-Lvi al. Hight. 'then I said Go warmed me up in the :;ui L more than I would h ave liked t.o Jta.ve !Jeen, I mt1.de me a 1 i Ulc was kind 01' wHrm mos L of the Llmc a nyhow, and it just So j L wa:;n ' I. a r e al big e x ercise workload , WFlrmer . l.!1c k i nd ol' cxercl:,c that. you would uo over ir1 Lhe gym. HLe;hl,. I L!1lr1k Lho.t, s<.>m<: pcoJoJe Lld.ng - thi:; exer cl:;cr - l.l1e word exer cise , j1 1sl, :~<)!, a miscon ception of this Lti<:: J'act tl11..1.t. we call .i.t, that that we use Uw.L we should u~<:: Ltie proper pros:pective here, what ac Luti.11.Y was Laking plu<:c, wr,ich j s u very short spurts ol' energy expenditur es; yes, l:Jut not, exerc ise lik e in a gym or a real good workout, oi' ti.ny Lype . Do you fee l Llw.L the ventilation in the s uit was ade quate? I did, but Lhere again, i t was adequate; but marginal. do u. lot, or cx:c r ci:;e, wl1cn 1•:<1 1q, r~el , a tie:.1.t l oad . As n. matter of f act, wn:; cxcr-c·i:.: lng i t lo!.. f co1 1 ld :LcLually reel tl1c heat going !11Ln m,y ::idc ,,t· L1 1e l.111rn .vo11 w0t 1ld You couldn ' t I di,d ul I during :; 11i.l. u..l:;o . tl1e /\rnl 1,:,t hall,, - Ed i'clL w:ir mer f 'J i1.':f1L. I think you itrc u w1J.r e L11nL .vo11 l!ad Lljl'fci-ent Lt'mperat11res on our suits .. Wlii. c 11 wi lJ lic.l.J> ,:x:plu.:i.n I.he di l'f'erent-v Ln th() rcelings as far as the <·11vi.ru11.men\,. IJow co1!1u. .Y<ll1 J'el.!.l. Ll1e l10u.L whc.m he cx:eccisecl'! Well, i L i:; it clos, •d loop. '!'here are Lwo brancl1es to the loop. ... Belt L:1e hot, air went o t , went. through a bunc. l3u.L un eventua.l ly <~a.me mine d.id . t.i.nothe r H a ck into both of our di dn ' t have a c lo se of 13 6 c ontrap tion s su its again , loop for himself only, and I had We had u clo.s d loop t h.1t was closed - but we clo ce d loori . t l e air wr;re f,f~r.1, u I" t, h t; 31'1-me mi ,di u.n :i ·u.l \.lfl j , , so thuL 1mytim 1 • 1· 1J. same way that temp - L,ir·c: wenL up 1.11 L11 hr.;i,1, L 1.0 •t or 'Wli<:: Lite r .[ w .ld ,<J the 11,:u l, tu • t i. t. wcni. nc ros s lieut C::xc ange r u d i t was onl.v takjng out so m1 ·he h of the heat , so .it essentially i t came .in a liLtle h.i.r.rhe r tempe r atur e than i t would have i f he wasn ' t exe rc ising . So , you can notic these small temp­ ~ r ature change s . Wtts Lh ' no j t : - level assoclut I d wi tt, the c old u. i.r through the .... Lllink SO , yes , l' r·ob11hl,v no , IJuL [ Lhink .oroJal,ly .v01 1r 110i s e .in .vour ·r - wns s o mucl1 rn0.r Limn L111J..L y(/ 11 pr· li abJy didn ' t · nte r com was even n ot · ce i t IJ..!:i mu.It llS y,)H had . You e;cL u s e Lo .i.L . J'u t. llke flying Lh · p3__:; ie re Lhat is noL used Lo Lhe hot m11.k e;ct s ri r etty :.1. r e usc1 l l11f, yt.ti h,j cLiona, ~Lc i.ri 1.l. you ge l somebody i n si.L tine; in then. i t p robably shor L pe r i od 01' Li.me , but whe n you Lo Lilul. , 1_,1,l' Le r a Jicr· i. od or· L im , yo11 .u1 w there is a noi se, know wh:LI. i.l. j,s and y u1 J e:11i1 p11l. i.t away . I t.1i · nk another 1•1-1•n · i :;c r·, l11r!. I.Ill' dt,;J i r•,. I.,, <I, , 1. l.l1t1111-'.ilL t!H·L·c was a Jccr 1;asing I di cl wlta.L I I did l.!11; :: 11:u.:0<· t·1,.J'I . 11rn11,t:<i:.;::ar· i t .v . J ,Ju11 1 I, IU l( l\-1 wlH•l .!1 f;(' Ll1i:J i:; ."L ,,If ) I ,,irn11t ' r ing tL L'c>i ind tl1e in s i e of /\s 1·:u· il:..; the w,1rkloa i s conc erned . e;etl i11;'. c) r' I. ired [l l'\,) CSS , 1,o the l ack ::11.rne r, -,: I i 111•. . Lli <l _y,>1 1r fr :1.i.k 1:ll:c-Lri c :;Lul,lc; <: h ur,~<: wurked un e lectron and magno ­ meter we d'dn ' t get any performance at Firs t f r om an instrume ntation s tandpoint , we had - the switches were accept · l'>le even o me, I thought E Lo ttu:·n Lh o:;l: 1.ltin/-'.S on , I <·u.11 Ile swiv l 11 wa s asle ep when we had hucl Lo r 0.ar.: r1 ac r oss 1.,ri.th this thing we · o abo1 tl, Lhis lone:; 1;,,nd has an un sually sl,ick wl1 i d1 ::.l1aped end on iL Lhut we Lhem all on those three . OLtld r at: 11 1rntler t he switches and flick and off wi.L h iL . di cl ym1 ::; e Lhe ... ... . exl,enrl'( No . LL wa :;1 1' L ex.I. nded? No , ,msn ' t. ex Lende • t, IJ i.d yo1, ever ~ e tllc Lh lJO.t:k encl, i y ou ge t far enough back Lo get Lo look in deep enough Lo s~ c it? No . Di you h e ar it extend'? J\lo . I ex tended l t I.he 'I'! 1rot e;I Hrnt I.I 1 , r Li.1:'.I 1L :d,1Ju I. , /11:;I. 'J i11 v.Jl1 wl 1a L did i L it . ycle the r e , wu 1il d _yu11 :~ 1. 1.,•rnpL l.u , ·xi.end ii Going • . .l rough the r; _yr.;I,· ali<>11I. 11 or· ', Lime:· <1 11r·i111'. I.li e f li;·:111. , c· 1J.::,· :: ,>1m·l. l 1i1 1~'. 111ii-'.l1L 1-'. ' :I. <nil. I.> rttil.11 i 11;-'. w(-.. pru mlJJ y - see l.hu.l. IJ,I1.,.yorn) !,jm • t. h r<· 1,: ~:.; ~ome\ .11 in y wr n s 1.,ri th w•>1J ld 11' t, exl.«:11<.l , .1 11: : L wl ,a L - Lime l n,t I really- clld.n ' t Linu;:.; . i 1, c: u '..:<: 1·;,t., ;11<1 l 'i r s L ·01 1 I <I i I. . w:L:.; w ,· 111111'. w ii.11 it. at w, - r v vc· t· r ·Lra · l.(:tl i t , n.11.v ::;u , l)B i Lim if wor s , l,1,v,: Ji; tpJ >( •11e <I . •11 did _yu Ir l.11 n I Ll1c t;w i 1.ci1 11 1· I'? th:.1.t l t 'l'l ll ' . . . . . . . . . ··w i.tcli . h en 8 /\s soo .-1 as i L sa i.t j L w:.: exter ded in Lhe after ul1ouL jO secor s or so . What ever ·1 • ght . jO se conds . Have you g ot uny data buck on it y et ? ;;e;v n <>n hr.: c:ornpu L r . /\ny ul.l1e r q,H:~t. i 1m:; on l.110::: Wl iat U1 r e ··r wus U 1' c:o:.: 1. o i" Uie ph o ogruJ1liy ·r 'J'Jie Wt;:.i.Lhe r and mar· ne pl1oto1-~raphy . o· . you skip M C- 10? Okay I 10 . say we g ot some good picLure s und I appreciate i t . wou d like to '!'here again , ll. w-u lmve any traiglil. fo rward experiment . We didn ' t i L"i"i.culty ~ri th iL . T ' ve P,OL a cou-p.l thaL a pretty of q11e:.; L.i nc abo11L Lile FJS5 . u.me up llli.; L night.. . I\ couple of things You sa..i.d - .vnu know Llie sys t ma tic photo - graphy aero::.: :; Ll1" lfnltc<l ~LateG , cvcr.v '..> sec on s , how cli you t ime that? Count , or c:lock or how . Jock tha we got in mL u t:· · uwl :.:e ·u11 ::; , fi.nd L 1e11 J cor1Lr,,1..Lcd s pu. c raft o.n · then I J. s a r t.e I :;<•t• , i.t1' t'V nt. Um r wi L!i Lhe ili1~i Lal J•:d ,· riink •d 1J.11 LIii · cnJr1 · r u. at)( l took 111 I It -' pi c tt r llid 1.11<~ :;wn,· :rn l, .i•t;L , du _y t'lll l.l 1in k 1.l1u.l, one man could lii rm;(; I 1·. 'l'l,is l,1ik ·:: ll<il,h frl/!rt L Lhir 1k so ; :;p: 1.('(•c · n _1,f"1. 1. : iinpu t·l.nnl. l.,l l..i du .!\(' o thi s by t'I i:~l1L pl ar1 , li O y ou th ink i t i I. ·t i L wou l cl lJ • v c; ry t1 · (• fjc-1tLL :1.:: yu, 1 Luke I.lit- pi.<· l.11r • :; . o time -jt, and '"'ontrol t he ,.. ,., Belt 13 9 I think you could get some degree of pictures, but I don't think .hat you could get the same set that you got . The set we lostin lhe southe r n [JarL o • Mexico , :): beb.eve I did one time when Jim was b.S.leep , but it was not near l y as long a pe ri od and I think it was onJy 1>roliabl,f about 12 p.icLure s . tt,e c1.1untry 'l'hl s i s shorter :p iece, but i.sn ' t v ry Jung . Yes . W•11, w-ere focusing it u,en Ed . Yeah , ( j us l, wan led t o get l L till :.;et up aheo.d of time, and by the t.i. me we pas:c:ed t he re we <lid.n ' t chang l t, a grcaL deal. But on the pass that we made a cross Lh Unit e d ~Late s, iL wo.s , I think, most pre cis ely held. straight and w-r: . went much longer p eriod of own time and there were contr ols that were made, and to sit t here and v1' th the controller and time yo urself and turn the camera 1' .. ddle and take the pi lure , you can ' t., do it, as exac.: L 1::1.s you c an . • 1 w· 1 L -µu L Lh1 LL in as a l':Lrrnat tve reque .~t f' or my e xperiment Okay if at all pv:,sj l>J c , ltave boLlJ p i lot.:; on the joli . l•'(ir niw of .v011r :ieq1, nee ricl.ures . Y1:ul1 . 'l'h c;>S<; l•:nrl !Jc] I. . 01' 0Ll1;e vrie.s, L/1e ta.r g !. ..... .. . - .. Belt 14 o . K ., I ' m ,~c,ing o pu Lhat . . .. udrlrer;c p refer request for my experi ­ rmmt if Lht1.L i:,; f..t.L :.:1ll po:i'' i.ble to hl:I.V(; uoth pilots on he job for any of your ~eq ence pictures . Another one' s Target of Oppor unities i f you ....... . . . . t.be one::: I.ha . . . . . you the cont rols ••• • • we ' ve got you w ren' L all s ro.igh ene d o t •••••••••• on ' L nee: ':;r:a r i I .Y f>u:;:: CN<: t I.It m 1.t1ing l.!le,y w nt. Lo Luk.~ fL T>i.t; II r 'l'l 1 on ' t nee y uu know . o[' iz ov'r her· iL ' s best Lo Lake a picl.ur, . You guys cerLa.inly hu.v• your eyec upen l.hut volca11 shot buy s11me of those things -- \..hat re:;hoL sl..r11r.: u re espc<· i.u. ly , \..ha ' s r eally going Lo give u:; L 1e miJ •age . Could you make a comment, ,just. on the gene ral :; .u.billty of the .. .. ... . .. pulsing und you ::toppe<l once , and you were wait - :;p cecraf't jng ; how l ong djd 11. take for r ter: l,o build 11p , for instance , how I on.g co ld 1:.1. (' Whoev r go . h ror him toge Llow co n t. on 101:1ybe p,1 l l j ng p o:;ition ~uy i I, ta _:.; him a 1;ouple of r t.c:; :;Lopp d l ' ::1.ar-L·d . 11, v1• l.o ,vo1i ' r · in(;r-t. i1Llly i:: p 1·neUr·1Ll l,y nil • •• • • .vuu. ' r r n'1111·tnlh· 1·, l'ix.'cl I.Ii, >111-~I• , :t: : _y,>11 get• .v, 11r rat. •• u1<l l11<: Ll1i11(' ' :... rota .i n~"; 1m erne :1.11 stopped .h yo so L :: t<.rpp<·d w i Ui Lh • r e:: pr.::c I. l.lt:-1.L wha • y~,u wan • ••• l•'o rt..v llcgrc..::; Jl r rni nu!. . ... Jtt:1 · :.; ·<•1) 11d . in l.l 1: ~:atn· v•in , r!o you noLic<' 1rn.v rc:Lc:l.ive m,,l,ion i . 1· r ays There ' s n(JLhi11{~ to make them i,?;O except that r u l.al.ine; rn:u·liinc•1·y wl1\t ;l1 l\t 1l. yn11 n gen ral? 'L wh rn y u ' r :i it:·· de , wl\ 'll you <l i..; Lur he space - i L , when y ou move aro nd 1d, n. l l' I , ·,Hild t'<'•·I 1,:c1 111,,virl{J, a1 ·nu11il , l 11il 1-1l1<'l.i1c1· L r,~l it. 1 ving aro n l5elt 14 was acLually a:; .... \i cau ::e 1'elI, ., oving Lhe spa u: raft or whether I it , either tha , now I moving ar oun cc:t.use he move you r eally, Jut I ' m s,lrC! that you quite fe l t some ( stabl e?) , L '-' .idn ' 2 Wu'.; ti umping I don ' t lm ow whether it was tha t kind of a <> r wh t.t1e .r· l t, wan the :q 11i.·ee r1J.l'I, e l 'l'c! c· ts . Y, >11 cJ u 11' l, l,1 : nd Lo . . . . . . _y n1 1 don 't, l. 1 ·11d I.,; I ,hing I was fee l ing don ' t ••••••• 1.i <;l~ 11p Lhe:.;1 ' motion~ l'l'Um 1.11\~ ::Jl l( ' (.;CJ'llf ' \. • • ••• rcrnc111b •r :;eve r ,'il Lim<•:; wh •fl I kicke d into tl111 !'ootw IL thu.t you 111intioned ; you co, .LrJ heu. l' that , buL J ' w ~ur e 1.tnJ.t wa~ ,just :.;orne ­ i.,h ' ng ,ha t he heard , a nd tbat I d i dn ' I, r ,. ally < i. stu r Lhe motion of ,he s a ce c r aft . u.!Joll Wl1F.1.t Lh • ext rn